Inclinations of greenhouse farmers in Turkey toward agricultural insurance

Kutlar, Ilkay; Akcaoz, Handan

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20200704

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AGRIBUSINESS • Cienc. Rural 52 (4) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20200704 copy

Inclinations of greenhouse farmers in Turkey toward agricultural insurance

Inclinações de agricultores de estufas em Turquia rumo ao seguro agrícola

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

This study is explored the reasons why greenhouse farmers take out and do not take out agricultural insurance as well as the farmers’ inclinations toward agricultural insurance and the factors that affect them so that agricultural insurance can be improved. In this context, three districts of Antalya where greenhouse farming is intensively carried out, namely Aksu, Serik and Kumluca, were selected as the research location, and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 200 farmers, 100 of which had agricultural insurance and 100 of which did not. The farms were divided into two groups, namely, those with and without insurance, according to the data obtained. The potential statistical relationship between some selected features of the farms under study and the farmers with and without insurance was identified by chi-square test. Furthermore, the inclinations, views and opinions of farmers with and without agricultural insurance concerning agricultural insurance were evaluated using a Likert scale. Among the reasons why farmers take out agricultural insurance are insuring their crop, avoiding any potential loss, securing their income and presence of disaster risk. The main reasons why farmers do not take out agricultural insurance is the registration and share problems of their lands.

Key words:
greenhouse farming; agricultural insurance; farmer inclination; Antalya; Turkey

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: ikutlar@akdeniz.edu.tr. ^*Corresponding author

Districts	Agricultural area (hectare)	------Greenhouse area-----		Number of farmers registered on FRS	Number of insured farmers affected by disasters
		hectare	%
Aksu	20.350	3.186	11.1	3.438	625
Serik	43.500	4.250	14.8	3.793	1.651
Kumluca	17.000	3.823	13.4	2.908	513
Subtotal (A)	80.850	11.259	39.3	10.139	2.789
Other districts (B)	279.395	17.393	60.7	29.394	954
Total (A+B)	360.245	28.652	100.0	39.533	3.743

General details	------------------------Insured----------------------				-------------------------Uninsured-------------------------
	Min	Max	Mean	Standard Deviation	Min	Max	Mean	Standard Deviation
Farmer age (years)	28	68	49.5	10.5	30	72	52.2	9.5
Family size (persons)	3	6	4.4	1.1	2	6	3.6	1.4
Number of children (persons)	1	3	1.95	0.7	-	4	1.3	1.1
Farming experience (years)	5	50	25.8	11.1	10	55	29.3	12.1
Greenhouse experience (years)	5	45	22.8	9.6	10	50	24.5	9.8
Total land size (hectare)	0.3	1.5	2.79	2.7	0.1	11.0	1.87	2.42
Total greenhouse size (hectare)	0.3	2.5	1.00	0.6	0.1	1.7	0.5	0.4
Cattle (head)	2	15	7.4	4.7	1	12	5.4	3.7
Sheep and goats (head)	10	30	16.7	10.0	4	13	8.7	4.8
Poultry (head)	5	25	14.3	7.1	5	30	13.6	5.3

	----------------Insured------------		--------------Uninsured------------		---------------Total-------------
	Persons	%	Persons	%	Persons	%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------Education level-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Elementary school	37	37.0	53	53.0	90	45.0
Secondary school	18	18.0	15	15.0	33	16.5
High school	29	29.0	13	13.0	42	21.0
College/University	16	16.0	19	19.0	35	17.5
Total	100	100.0	100	100.0	200	100.0
SD=3 χ²=9.470 > χ² _0.95 =7.815 Result: There exists a relationship
---------------------------------------------------------------Borrowing by Farms under Study--------------------------------------------------------------
Yes	84	84.0	59	59.0	143	71.5
No	16	16.0	41	41.0	57	28.5
Total	100	100.0	100	100.0	200	100.0
SD=1 χ²=14.133 > χ² _0.95 =3.841 Result: There exists a relationship

Level of knowledge	--------------Insured----------		----------Uninsured-----------
	Mean	Standard Deviation	Mean	Standard Deviation
It is a guarantee for the crops.	4.42	0.57	4.04	0.57
It is a guarantee for the farmers' income.	4.28	0.58	3.67	1.09
It is the future of farmers.	3.83	0.92	3.43	1.09
It is a measure that farmers take to not be affected by natural disasters.	4.58	0.49	4.18	0.55
It is a kind of government support for farmers.	3.97	0.84	3.49	1.11
It is compensation by insurance companies for damages arising from natural disasters.	4.58	0.49	4.17	0.79
It is a kind of additional cost for farmers.	4.56	0.65	4.70	0.46

Reasons for taking out agricultural insurance	Mean	Standard deviation	------------------------%---------------------
			1	2	3	4	5	Total
Presence of disaster risk	4.55	0.85723	0	8	0	21	71	100
Avoiding any potential loss	4.62	0.48783	0	0	0	38	62	100
Opportunity to purchase machinery through credit sale	1.38	0.70754	72	21	4	3	0	100
Opportunity to get farmer card from Ziraat Bank	2.26	1.69741	61	5	0	15	19	100
Media (Radio, Television, Internet, Newspaper, Magazine)	2.16	1.42645	55	10	2	30	3	100
Other farmers taking out insurance	3.03	1.61092	29	14	8	23	26	100
Provision of government support	4.17	0.95405	0	7	17	28	48	100
Seeing that insured farmers are not affected by disasters	3.60	1.34089	15	7	6	47	25	100
Insuring the crop	4.62	0.48783	0	0	0	38	62	100
Insuring the income	4.59	0.49431	0	0	0	41	59	100
Improving agricultural production	4.15	1.13150	1	15	6	24	54	100
Attending agricultural insurance training	2.14	1.33348	53	8	12	26	1	100

Views and opinions	Mean	Standard deviation	-----------------------%--------------------
			1	2	3	4	5	Total
Insufficient coverage of insurance	3.19	1.40486	16	14	33	9	28	100
Unrealistic calculation of damage costs	3.30	1.67874	20	24	7	4	45	100
Failure of insurance companies to pay damage claims in a timely manner	2.58	1.46460	32	21	23	5	19	100
Failure of insurance companies to make damage assessment properly and in a timely manner	2.54	1.69026	48	10	3	18	21	100
Failure of insurance adjusters to come in a timely manner	2.58	1.51211	33	24	15	8	20	100
Very high insurance premiums	3.80	1.50420	11	14	16	2	57	100
Too many conditions outside the coverage of insurance	3.24	1.34930	17	11	22	31	19	100
Farmers' statements not taken into account	3.02	1.56334	32	1	23	21	23	100
Very high waiver rates	3.88	1.21672	5	9	23	19	44	100
Inappropriate time of issuing a policy	2.25	1.29002	44	12	23	17	4	100
Insufficient government support	3.52	1.43182	18	2	23	24	33	100
Unnecessary bureaucratic procedures	3.94	1.17051	0	17	30	15	48	100

Expectations from the government	Mean	Standard deviation	-------------------------%-----------------------
			1	2	3	4	5	Total
Coverage of insurance should be expanded.	4.50	0.77198	0	0	17	16	67	100
Requirement to register with the Greenhouse Registration System should be lifted.	4.18	1.07666	3	8	8	30	51	100
Government support should be increased.	4.32	0.85138	0	6	7	36	51	100
Government support should be maintained.	4.71	0.57375	0	1	3	20	76	100
Bureaucratic procedures should be streamlined.	4.59	0.51434	0	0	1	39	60	100
Damage waiver rates should be lifted.	3.87	1.24442	8	7	15	30	40	100
Insurance companies should be audited.	4.53	0.65836	0	0	9	29	62	100
Insurance adjusters should be audited.	4.64	0.64385	0	0	9	18	73	100
Land registration, treasury land and shared land problems should be resolved.	4.95	0.21904	0	0	0	5	95	100
Insurance costs should be reduced.	4.24	0.74019	0	0	18	40	42	100
Farmers should be trained on importance of agricultural insurance.	4.64	0.48242	0	0	0	36	64	100
Informative meetings concerning the novelties about agricultural insurance should be held with farmers.	4.49	0.71767	0	0	13	25	62	100

Expectations from insurance companies	Mean	Standard deviation	-------------------------%------------------------
			1	2	3	4	5	Total
Insurance coverage should be described in detail.	4.48	0.70324	0	0	12	28	60	100
Specialised insurance adjusters should be commissioned in case of damage.	4.64	0.48242	0	0	0	36	64	100
Damage assessment should be made impartially.	4.60	0.49237	0	0	0	40	60	100
Damage assessment should be made in a timely manner.	4.67	0.47258	0	0	0	33	67	100
Coverage of insurance should be expanded.	4.49	0.64346	0	0	8	35	57	100
Quantity of crops should be indicated correctly.	4.57	0.65528	0	0	9	25	66	100
Publicity and information should be provided.	4.39	0.73711	0	5	0	46	49	100
Farmers' statements should be taken into account.	4.64	0.48242	0	0	0	36	64	100
Damage waiver rate should be lifted.	4.16	1.16098	8	0	12	28	52	100

Risks	Mean	Standard deviation	-------------------------%---------------------
			1	2	3	4	5	Total
Theft	3.51	1.59225	20	9	15	12	44	100
Low yield and quality of crops	3.31	1.63111	27	8	4	29	32	100
Drought	3.51	1.48048	18	5	22	18	37	100
Disease	3.39	1.72267	32	0	4	25	39	100
Damage by wild animals	2.69	1.64344	40	15	0	26	19	100

Circumstances	Mean	Standard deviation	--------------------------%-----------------------
			1	2	3	4	5	Total
If insurance cost rose too much	2.90	1.41064	16	36	10	18	20	100
If my income decreased	3.14	1.42148	16	22	18	20	24	100
If I lost my confidence in insurance companies	3.71	1.13969	8	5	20	42	25	100
If government support discontinued	2.65	1.18386	16	38	18	21	7	100
I would never opt out	4.07	1.05653	1	14	4	39	42	100

Opinions of uninsured farmers	--------Yes------		--------No-------		---------Total--------
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Consider taking out agricultural insurance in the future	39	39.0	61	61.0	100	100.0
Take out agricultural insurance if the government pays 50% of the insurance premiums	46	46.0	54	54.0	100	100.0
Aware of the fact that the government pays 50% of the insurance premiums	27	27.0	73	73.0	100	100.0

Reasons for not taking agricultural insurance	Mean	Standard deviation	-------------------------------%------------------------------
			1	2	3	4	5	Total
I do not have the habit of taking out agricultural insurance.	3.50	1.32192	10	20	4	42	24	100
I do not have sufficient information about agricultural insurance.	3.13	1.36074	17	22	5	43	13	100
I do not have the financial means to take out agricultural insurance.	3.21	1.51954	21	19	2	34	24	100
Insurance premiums are very high.	3.12	1.38739	13	30	10	26	21	100
I believe that agricultural insurance is an unnecessary cost.	3.37	1.40457	10	29	2	32	27	100
Negative rumours about insurance companies	2.56	1.44474	25	42	3	12	18	100
I believe that damage assessment will not be made correctly.	2.59	1.08334	11	48	18	17	6	100
I believe that the cost of damages will not be calculated correctly.	2.55	1.19236	15	48	14	13	10	100
I believe that the cost of damages will not be paid.	2.52	1.14133	15	48	14	16	7	100
I believe that the cost of damages will not be paid in a timely manner.	2.56	1.19189	15	47	15	13	10	100
Damage waiver rate is high.	2.80	1.23091	15	32	21	22	10	100
Insufficient coverage of insurance	2.68	1.15365	15	36	21	22	6	100
The procedures for taking out insurance are burdensome and the terms of contract are harsh.	3.03	1.31391	13	31	10	32	14	100
I believe that the government will pay the cost of damages in case of a huge disaster.	3.38	1.20420	6	26	8	44	16	100
Belief in fate	2.60	1.26331	27	23	16	31	3	100
Lands are too fragmented.	3.54	1.29817	12	14	3	50	21	100
Land registration and share problems	4.25	1.17529	4	11	2	22	61	100
My land is not in a region where there is a high risk of natural disasters.	2.58	1.12079	8	62	0	24	6	100