Promising use of nanotechnology in <i>Pythium insidiosum</i>: a systematic review

Ianiski, Lara Baccarin; Maciel, Aline Fontanella; Braga, Caroline Quintana; Weiblen, Carla; Pereira, Daniela Isabel Brayer; Sangioni, Luís Antônio; Santurio, Janio Morais; Pötter, Luciana; Botton, Sônia de Avila

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20220091

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Microbiology • Cienc. Rural 53 (7) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220091 copy

Promising use of nanotechnology in Pythium insidiosum: a systematic review

Utilização promissora de nanotecnologia em Pythium insidiosum: uma revisão sistemática

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ABSTRACT:

The aquatic oomycete Pythium insidiosum is an emerging pathogen highly relevant in human and veterinary medicine and an etiologic agent of pythiosis, a disease of worldwide distribution mainly affecting horses, dogs, and humans, presenting cutaneous, subcutaneous, ocular, gastrointestinal, and systemic forms. The available therapeutic methods to treat this disease and its forms are not entirely effective, thus highlighting the need to investigate the forms of treatments with better efficacy, such as compounds from different pharmacological classes, compounds of natural origin, and new technological alternatives, including nanotechnology. Therefore, this study evaluated scientific publications regarding the use of nanotechnology in P. insidiosum treatment. For this, a systematic literature review, was carried out on articles published from 2010 to 2022 on the LILACS, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed, and SciELO databases using the descriptors ‘Pythium insidiosum,’ ‘pythiosis,’ ‘nanotechnology,’ ‘nanoparticles,’ ‘nanoemulsion,’ and ‘treatment.’ We reported 162 articles for the researched theme; although, only four studies were included because they met the criteria established herein. A meta-analysis was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in vitro studies, and we reported the use of nanotechnology can be a promising alternative in developing antimicrobial compounds with anti-P. insidiosum activity. Nevertheless, additional research is needed to verify the potential use of this technology in clinical therapy against P. insidiosum infections.

Key words:
nanotechnology; oomycete; Pythiosis; Pythium insidiosum; susceptibility.

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
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[1] E-mail: sabott20@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.

Title	Objective	Result	Conclusion	Country of origin	Reference
In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) in its free oil and nanoemulsion formulations against Pythium insidiosum	To analyze in vitro antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifolia in its free oil and nanoemulsion forms against Brazilian isolates of P. insidiosum. Broth microdilution technique was used according to CSLI document M38-A2.	MIC free oil: 531.5-2125 μg/mL MIC nanoemulsion: 132.7-2125 μg/mL	The nanoemulsion formulation inhibited P. insidiosum growth at significantly lower concentrations than the free oil formulation.	Brazil	VALENTE et al. (2016bVALENTE, J. S. S. et al. In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) in its free oil and nanoemulsion formulations against Pythium insidiosum. Mycopathologia, v.181, p.865-869, 2016b. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27544535/ >. Accessed: Oct. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-0051-2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27544535... )
In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles	To analyze in vitro antimicrobial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNP) against P. insidiosum isolates. Broth microdilution technique was used according to CSLI document M38-A2. The damage to the ultrastructure of P. insidiosum hyphae was evaluated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.	MIC Bio-AgNP: 0.06-0.47 μg/mL. SEM: hyphae presence with rough surfaces and areas with increased electronic density, retracted cell walls, loss of continuity, presence of scaling, and broken areas TEM: cell wall with wrinkled and partially ruptured borders; observation of homogeneous intracytoplasmic elements, making it impossible to differentiate the structures and organelles.	In vitro results showed the anti-P. insidiosum potential of the Bio-AgNP.	Brazil	VALENTE et al. (2019VALENTE, J. S. S. et al. In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of biogenic silver Nanoparticles. Medical Mycology, v.57, p.858-863, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597067/ >. Accessed: Oct. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy147. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597067... )
Biogenic silver nanoparticles in the treatment of experimental pythiosis Bio-AgNP in pythiosis therapy	To analyze the activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNP) in vivo pythiosis treatment.	Gel formulation administered topically and aqueous formulation administered intralesionally, both containing 1 μg/mL of Bio-AgNP, significantly reduced the size of pityriasis skin lesions in the study animals. One animal treated with the topical formulation showed a clinical cure.	In vivo experiment proved the anti-P. insidiosum potential of the Bio-AgNP.	Brazil	VALENTE et al. (2020VALENTE, J. S. S. et al. Biogenic silver nanoparticles in the treatment of experimental pythiosis Bio-AgNP in pythiosis therapy. Medical Mycology, v.58, p.913-918, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32030424/ >. Accessed: Oct. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myz141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32030424... )
Melaleuca alternifolia formulations in the treatment of experimental pythiosis	To analyze the activity of M. alternifolia nanoemulsion in vivo pythiosis treatment.	Daily topical application of 5 g of non-ionizable gel-based formulation containing 5 mg/mL of M. alternifolia nanoemulsion was ineffective in regressing the size of lesions. Intralesional application every 48 h and containing 1 mL of M. alternifolia and 5 mg/mL nanoemulsion in aqueous solution reduced the area of pityriasis skin lesions in the study animals.	In vivo experiment demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the topical use of nanoemulsion of M. alternifolia in the regression of cutaneous lesions of pythiosis. However, it demonstrates effect with the use of the intralesional formulation.	Brazil	SILVEIRA et al. (2022SILVEIRA, J. S. et al. Melaleuca alternifolia formulations in the treatment of experimental pythiosis. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2022. Available from: <Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/med/35239152 >. Accessed: Mar. 03, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00720-6. https://europepmc.org/article/med/352391... )