<i>Utilização promissora de nanotecnologia em</i> Pythium insidiosum: <i>uma revisão sistemática</i>

Ianiski, Lara Baccarin; Maciel, Aline Fontanella; Braga, Caroline Quintana; Weiblen, Carla; Pereira, Daniela Isabel Brayer; Sangioni, Luís Antônio; Santurio, Janio Morais; Pötter, Luciana; Botton, Sônia de Avila

RESUMO:

O oomiceto aquático Pythium insidiosum é um patógeno emergente de relevância em medicina humana e veterinária. É o agente etiológico da pitiose, uma enfermidade de distribuição mundial, que acomete principalmente em equinos, caninos e seres humanos, podendo apresentar-se nas formas cutâneas, subcutâneas, oculares, gastrointestinais e sistêmicas. Considerando que os métodos terapêuticos disponíveis para o tratamento da doença não são completamente efetivos, há uma necessidade de investigar formas de tratamentos com melhor eficácia, como os compostos de diferentes classes farmacológicas, compostos de origem natural, bem como, novas alternativas tecnológicas, incluindo a nanotecnologia. Deste modo, este trabalho objetivou avaliar publicações científicas referentes a utilização de nanotecnologia em P. insidiosum. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura, buscando artigos no período de 2010 a 2022, nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed e SciELO, utilizando-se os descritores Pythium insidiosum, pitiose, nanotecnologia, nanopartículas, nanoemulsão e tratamento. Encontrou-se 162 artigos com familiaridade a temática pesquisada; no entanto, apenas quatro estudos foram incluídos, pois atendiam os critérios estabelecidos na pesquisa. Para análise estatística dos dados obtidos nos estudos in vitro, utilizou-se meta-análise. Demonstrou-se o promissor uso de nanotecnologia como alternativa no desenvolvimento de compostos antimicrobianos com atividade anti-P. insidiosum. Entretanto, constata-se que estudos adicionais se fazem necessários para verificar o potencial uso desta tecnologia na terapêutica clínica contra infecções por P. insidiosum.

Palavras-chave:
nanotecnologia; oomiceto; pitiose; Pythium insidiosum; suscetibilidade.

[1] E-mail: sabott20@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.

Title	Objective	Result	Conclusion	Country of origin	Reference
In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) in its free oil and nanoemulsion formulations against Pythium insidiosum	To analyze in vitro antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifolia in its free oil and nanoemulsion forms against Brazilian isolates of P. insidiosum. Broth microdilution technique was used according to CSLI document M38-A2.	MIC free oil: 531.5-2125 μg/mL MIC nanoemulsion: 132.7-2125 μg/mL	The nanoemulsion formulation inhibited P. insidiosum growth at significantly lower concentrations than the free oil formulation.	Brazil	VALENTE et al. (2016bVALENTE, J. S. S. et al. In vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) in its free oil and nanoemulsion formulations against Pythium insidiosum. Mycopathologia, v.181, p.865-869, 2016b. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27544535/ >. Accessed: Oct. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-0051-2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27544535... )
In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles	To analyze in vitro antimicrobial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNP) against P. insidiosum isolates. Broth microdilution technique was used according to CSLI document M38-A2. The damage to the ultrastructure of P. insidiosum hyphae was evaluated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.	MIC Bio-AgNP: 0.06-0.47 μg/mL. SEM: hyphae presence with rough surfaces and areas with increased electronic density, retracted cell walls, loss of continuity, presence of scaling, and broken areas TEM: cell wall with wrinkled and partially ruptured borders; observation of homogeneous intracytoplasmic elements, making it impossible to differentiate the structures and organelles.	In vitro results showed the anti-P. insidiosum potential of the Bio-AgNP.	Brazil	VALENTE et al. (2019VALENTE, J. S. S. et al. In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of biogenic silver Nanoparticles. Medical Mycology, v.57, p.858-863, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597067/ >. Accessed: Oct. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy147. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597067... )
Biogenic silver nanoparticles in the treatment of experimental pythiosis Bio-AgNP in pythiosis therapy	To analyze the activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNP) in vivo pythiosis treatment.	Gel formulation administered topically and aqueous formulation administered intralesionally, both containing 1 μg/mL of Bio-AgNP, significantly reduced the size of pityriasis skin lesions in the study animals. One animal treated with the topical formulation showed a clinical cure.	In vivo experiment proved the anti-P. insidiosum potential of the Bio-AgNP.	Brazil	VALENTE et al. (2020VALENTE, J. S. S. et al. Biogenic silver nanoparticles in the treatment of experimental pythiosis Bio-AgNP in pythiosis therapy. Medical Mycology, v.58, p.913-918, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32030424/ >. Accessed: Oct. 08, 2021. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myz141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32030424... )
Melaleuca alternifolia formulations in the treatment of experimental pythiosis	To analyze the activity of M. alternifolia nanoemulsion in vivo pythiosis treatment.	Daily topical application of 5 g of non-ionizable gel-based formulation containing 5 mg/mL of M. alternifolia nanoemulsion was ineffective in regressing the size of lesions. Intralesional application every 48 h and containing 1 mL of M. alternifolia and 5 mg/mL nanoemulsion in aqueous solution reduced the area of pityriasis skin lesions in the study animals.	In vivo experiment demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the topical use of nanoemulsion of M. alternifolia in the regression of cutaneous lesions of pythiosis. However, it demonstrates effect with the use of the intralesional formulation.	Brazil	SILVEIRA et al. (2022SILVEIRA, J. S. et al. Melaleuca alternifolia formulations in the treatment of experimental pythiosis. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2022. Available from: <Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/med/35239152 >. Accessed: Mar. 03, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00720-6. https://europepmc.org/article/med/352391... )

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Utilização promissora de nanotecnologia em Pythium insidiosum: uma revisão sistemática

RESUMO: