Light intensities alter growth and essential oil of patchouli under shade nets

Ribeiro, Aurislaine Santos; Bertolucci, Suzan Kelly Vilela; Carvalho, Alexandre Alves de; Tostes, Wesley Naves; Coelho, Adriane Duarte; Pinto, José Eduardo Brasil Pereira

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210118

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BIOLOGY • Cienc. Rural 52 (5) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210118 copy

Light intensities alter growth and essential oil of patchouli under shade nets

Intensidades luminosas alteram o crescimento e óleo essencial de patchouli sob malhas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. is an aromatic species popularly known as patchouli. The essential oil rich in patchoulol extracted from leaves is used by the pharmaceutical industries. The objective was to investigate the effects of shade nets and shading intensities on P. cablin growth, anatomy, chemical composition and essential oil content. The experiment was conducted with two types of shade nets (black and Aluminet), three light intensities (30, 50, and 70% shading) and full sun. The different light intensities influenced the growth and the essential oil yield, and chemical composition. Patchouli plants grown in an environment with shading showed higher values for the leaf, stem, root ant total dry weights compared to full sun. At 50% of shading, Aluminet provided gain in stem and total dry weights. Aluminet and black net at 50 and 70% of shading enhance essential oil yield. Patchoulol and pogostol contents were higher under full sun, and, black net and Aluminet at 50% shading. The environment for patchouli cultivation can be improved by use shade nets, especially with Aluminet at 50% of shading.

Key words:
anatomy; light radiation; Pogostemon cablin; patchoulol; volatile compounds

Authorship

Aurislaine Santos Ribeiro

Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais e Plantas Medicinais, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brasil. Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA)BrazilLavras, MG, BrazilLaboratório de Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais e Plantas Medicinais, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6666-5705

Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci

Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Plantas Medicinais, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA)BrazilLavras, MG, BrazilLaboratório de Fitoquímica e Plantas Medicinais, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-7043

Alexandre Alves de Carvalho

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3704-8633

Wesley Naves Tostes

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-3561

Adriane Duarte Coelho

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-7320

José Eduardo Brasil Pereira Pinto ^*E-mail: jeduardo@ufla.br. *Corresponding author.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1141-7907

E-mail: jeduardo@ufla.br. ^*Corresponding author.

Editors:

Leandro Souza da Silva Mauricio Hunsche

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

ASR performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. SKVB and JEBPP designed the study, supervised the laboratory work and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. ASR, AAC, WNT and ADC performed the experiments. AAC analyzed the data. All the authors have read the final manuscript and approved the submission.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (6)

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Figure 1
Plants of P. cablin grown under sunlight, Aluminet, and black net at 50 and 70% irradiance.

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Figure 2
Leaf blade thickness of P. cablin leaves grown under sunlight and under Aluminet 70% irradiance.

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Figure 3
Principal components analysis on the matrix correlation built using data for major compound of P. cablin under full sun, Aluminet with 30, 50, and 70% shading (Al30, Al50, and Al70), and black net with 30, 50, and 70% shading (Bl30, Bl50, and Bl70).

Thumbnail

Table 1
Leaf dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), total dry weight (TDW) and root-to-shoot ratio (R:S) of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Total leaf area (TLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

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Table 3
Thickness of cuticle (CUT); palisade parenchyma (PP); spongy parenchyma (SP); leaf blade (LB) of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Thumbnail

Table 4
Thickness of the adaxial epidermis (ADE) and abaxial epidermis (ABE), and number of trichomes in the adaxial epidermis (TAD) and in the abaxial epidermis (TAB) of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

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Table 5
Essential oil content and yield of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Thumbnail

Table 6
Percentage of volatile constituents of the essential oil from Pogostemon cablin leaves as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Figure 1 Plants of P. cablin grown under sunlight, Aluminet, and black net at 50 and 70% irradiance.

Figure 2 Leaf blade thickness of P. cablin leaves grown under sunlight and under Aluminet 70% irradiance.

Figure 3 Principal components analysis on the matrix correlation built using data for major compound of P. cablin under full sun, Aluminet with 30, 50, and 70% shading (Al30, Al50, and Al70), and black net with 30, 50, and 70% shading (Bl30, Bl50, and Bl70).

Table 1 Leaf dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), total dry weight (TDW) and root-to-shoot ratio (R:S) of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Light intensities (%)	---------LDW (g)-------		--------SDW (g)--------		------RDW (g)-------		--------TDW (g)------		------------R:S----------
	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net
30	40.97 Ba	32.60 Ba	20.41 Ca	27.67 Aa	11.96 Aa	15.37 Aa	64.97 Ca	84,02 Aa	0.19 Aa	0.25 Aa
50	43.12 Aa	50.17 Aa	45.81 Aa	27.34 Ab	17.07 Aa	14.95 Aa	113.04 Aa	85.41 Ab	0.19 Aa	0.19 Aa
70	43.16 Aa	45.84 Aa	35.70 Ba	37.21 Aa	13.01 Aa	14.24 Aa	94.55 Ba	94.61 Aa	0.16 Ba	0.17 Ba
Fatorial	---------42.64 A---------		---------32.36 A--------		--------14.44 A-------		-------89.43 A--------		----------0.20 B---------
Full sun	---------23.68 B---------		---------12.31 B--------		--------11.85 B-------		-------47.84 B--------		----------0.33 A---------

Means followed by different uppercase letters in the columns, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05); Means followed by different lowercase letters in the rows, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05).

Table 2 Total leaf area (TLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Light intensities (%)

-----------TLA (cm²)---------

-------LAR (cm² mg^-1)------

--------SLA (cm² mg^-1)------

-------------LWR-------------

Aluminet

Black net

Aluminet

Black net

Aluminet

Black net

Aluminet

Black net

28.36 Ba

37.35 Ba

0.46 Ba

0.44 Ba

0.91 Ba

0.50 Aa

0.48 Aa

49.33 Aa

35.52 Bb

0.44 Ba

0.41 Ba

1.01 Ba

0.82 Ba

0.44 Ba

0.50 Aa

57.39 Aa

57.05 Aa

0.61 Aa

0.59 Aa

1.26 Aa

1.33 Aa

0.48 Aa

0.45 Bb

Fatorial

-----------44.17 A------------

-------------0.49 A------------

-------------1.04 A------------

------------0.48 A-------------

Full sun

-----------17.23 B------------

-------------0.36 B------------

-------------0.73 B------------

------------0.49 A-------------

Means followed by different uppercase letters in the columns, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05); Means followed by different lowercase letters in the rows, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05).

Table 3 Thickness of cuticle (CUT); palisade parenchyma (PP); spongy parenchyma (SP); leaf blade (LB) of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Light intensities (%)	---------CUT (µm)--------		-----------PP (µm)-----------			-----------SP (µm)------------		------------LB (µm)------------
	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net
30	1.55 Cb	2.36 Ba	41.67 Cb	52.39 Aa	83.97 Ab	94.61 Aa	161.55 Bb	185.80 Aa
50	2.91 Aa	2.35 Bb	47.62 Ab	52.31 Aa	81.26 Ba	71.21 Cb	163.40 Aa	157.05 Cb
70	2.35 Bb	3.00 Aa	44.62 Bb	51.25 Aa	56.76 Cb	79.34 Ba	149.90 Cb	159.25 Ba
Fatorial	-----------2.42 B----------		------------48.31 B-----------			------------77.86 B-----------		-------------161.49 B----------
Full sun	-----------6.55 A----------		------------51.72 A-----------			-----------169.12 A----------		-------------289.98 A----------

Means followed by different uppercase letters in the columns, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05); Means followed by different lowercase letters in the rows, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05).

Table 4 Thickness of the adaxial epidermis (ADE) and abaxial epidermis (ABE), and number of trichomes in the adaxial epidermis (TAD) and in the abaxial epidermis (TAB) of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Light intensities (%)	-------ADE (µm)--------		-------ABE (µm)--------		--------TAD (number)--------		-------TAB (number)-------
	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net
30	15.67 Bb	22.92 Aa	14.67 Bb	16.23 Aa	44 Cb	68 Aa	131 Aa	82 Ab
50	10.38 Cb	17.38 Ba	11.99 Cb	13.92 Ba	74 Aa	41Bb	67 B Aa	53 Bb
70	25.85 Aa	22.70 Ab	16.70 Aa	16.05 Aa	51 Ba	42 Bb	56 C Aa	24 Cb
Fatorial	---------19.15 B---------		----------14.93 B---------		--------------53 B--------------		-------------69 A-------------
Full sun	---------24.47 A---------		----------16.40 A---------		--------------72 A--------------		-------------56 A-------------

Means followed by different uppercase letters in the columns, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05); Means followed by different lowercase letters in the rows, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05).

Table 5 Essential oil content and yield of Pogostemon cablin as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Light intensities (%)	----------Leaves Content (%)---------			----------Stem Content (%)-----------		-----------Yield (g planta^-1)-----------
	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net	Aluminet	Black net
30	0.65 Ba	0.87 Ba	0.10 Ba	0.11 Ba	0.24 Ba	0.32 Ba
50	1.16 Aa	0.91 Aa	0.16 Aa	0.12 Aa	0.54 Aa	0.43 Aa
70	0.92 Aa	0.91 Aa	0.10 Ba	0.10 Ba	0.41 Aa	0.40 Aa
Fatorial	------------------0.90 A-----------------			------------------0.12 A-----------------		-----------------0.39 A------------------
Full sun	----------------- 0.78 A------------------			------------------0.06 B-----------------		-----------------0.17 B------------------

Means followed by different uppercase letters in the columns, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05); Means followed by different lowercase letters in the rows, statistically differ by the Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05).

Table 6 Percentage of volatile constituents of the essential oil from Pogostemon cablin leaves as a function of cultivation under different shades net and light intensities, after 150 days.

Constituents	RT^a	Full sun	Aluminet 30%	Black net 30%	Aluminet 50%	Black net 50%	Aluminet 70%	Black net 70%
1-octen-3-ol	6.24	0.61 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.19	0.33±0.18	0.29± 0.08	0.33 ± 0.00	0.23 ± 0.08	0.19 ± 0.01
β-patchoulene	7.34	0.80 ± 0.05	1.14 ± 0.12	0.98 ± 0.12	0.87 ± 0.14	0.77 ± 0.07	1.03± 0.04	1.21 ± 0.17
α-Guaiene	9.56	4.57 ± 0.32	6.93 ± 0.54	6.27 ± 0.59	5.98 ± 0.93	5.69 ± 0.44	7.35 ± 0.36	8.31 ± 1.07
β-Caryophyllene	9.80	1.48 ± 0.06	2.02 ± 0.19	1.79 ± 0.21	1.74 ± 0.25	1.58 ± 0.19	2.08 ± 0.08	2.31 ± 0.36
α-Patchoulene	10.85	2.11 ± 0.09	2.38 ± 0.16	2.15 ± 0.29	2.06 ± 0.28	1.86 ± 0.14	2.32 ± 0.09	2.57 ± 0.38
Panasinsen	10.99	4.61 ± 0.22	5.04 ± 0.38	4.57 ± 0.67	4.34 ± 0.58	3.80 ± 0.28	4.85 ± 0.15	5.32 ± 0.86
γ-Patchoulene	11.40	0.52 ± 0.03	0.55 ± 0.04	0.49 ± 0.08	0.47 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.03	0.53 ± 0.02	0.57 ± 0.09
α-Humulene	11.62	0.46 ± 0.02	0.62 ± 0.05	0.57 ± 0.05	0.55 ± 0.07	0.51 ± 0.04	0.64 ± 0.02	0.71 ± 0.10
α-Bulnesene	12.84	5.18 ± 0.16	8.21 ± 0.91	7.35± 0.74	6.76 ± 1.04	6.79 ± 0.51	8.38 ± 0.37	9.53 ± 1.00
Caryophyllene oxide	20.64	1.20 ± 0.12	0.67 ± 0.09	0.77 ± 0.16	0.58 ± 0.09	0.48 ± 0.06	0.42 ± 0.05	0.33 ± 0.01
Norpatchoulenol	24.44	1.40 ± 0.13	1.09 ± 0.08	0.99 ± 0.10	1.27 ± 0.06	1.05 ± 0.02	1.13 ± 0.08	1.32 ± 0.21
Patchoulol	26.42	66.31± 0.90	60.15± 2.68	64.10± 3.13	65.34± 0.07	66.14± 1.25	61.27± 1.09	58.16± 3.40
Seychellene	27.14	0.66 ±0.01	0.70 ± 0.13	0.64 ± 0.04	0.67 ± 0.04	0.69 ± 0.03	0.62 ± 0.01	0.59 ± 0.05
Pogostol	27.28	4.48 ± 0.13	3.97 ± 0.17	4.24 ± 0.35	4.33 ± 0.33	4.52 ± 0.13	3.90 ± 0.07	3.64 ± 0.25
Total identified (%)		94.39	93.89	95.24	95.25	94.63	94.75	94.76

Percentage of relative peak areas (mean ± standard deviation; n = 3); a Retention time on the DB-Wax column.

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[1] E-mail: jeduardo@ufla.br. ^*Corresponding author.