| Beneficial effects |
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| Interaction with gut microbiota |
Enhancing the production of antimicrobial compounds, promoting substrates transformation and cross-feeding, as well as supporting microbiota stability. Increasing the colonization resistance by the competition for nutrients and location. Stimulating the production of organic acids, as lactate, propionate and acetate, as well as butyrate through cross-feeding, and decreasing the intestinal pH, which inhibits the growth of pathogens. |
(SANDERS et al., 2019SANDERS, M. E. et al. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, v.16, n.10, p.605-616, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-019-0173-3 >. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41575-019-0173-3.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-0...
) |
| Immunomodulation |
Improving the gut microbial population, increasing mucus secretion, and preventing the destruction of tight junction proteins by decreasing the number of lipopolysaccharides. Decreasing gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage. Improving the differentiation of T-cells against Th2 and development of Th2 cytokines IL-10. |
(CRISTOFORI et al., 2021CRISTOFORI, F. et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: a door to the body. Frontiers in Immunology, v.12, n.26, p.178, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.578386/full >. Accessed: Oct.12, 2022. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.578386.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10....
) |
| Physiological |
Releasing small molecules with systemic effects, such as neurochemicals (cortisol, serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid - GABA), tryptophan and histamine derivatives and conjugated linoleic acid, which are related to brain function. Increasing nutrient absorption and mucus secretion, improving intestinal barrier function, and reducing blood glucose and cholesterol. Increasing the production of β-galactosidase and bile salt hydrolase enzymes, which improve lactose digestion and blood lipid profiles in humans. |
(SANDERS et al., 2019SANDERS, M. E. et al. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: from biology to the clinic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, v.16, n.10, p.605-616, 2019. Available from: <Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-019-0173-3 >. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41575-019-0173-3.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-0...
) |
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Increasing the production of SCFAs by intestinal microbiota, and reduction of the obesity by stimulation of the intestinal release of the satiety-inducing hormones peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by decreasing systemic inflammation or by signaling to the brain. |
(SILVA et al., 2020SILVA, T. F. et al. The impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on the biochemical, clinical, and immunological markers, as well as on the gut microbiota of obese hosts. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, v.61, n.2, p.337-355, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2020.1733483 >. Accessed: Mar. 15, 2022. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1733483.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
) |
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Decreasing the toxic effect of heavy metals and xenobiotics mainly by intestinal sequestration and intestinal barrier protection and by alleviating oxidative stress. |
(FENG et al., 2020FENG, P. et al. Tibet plateau probiotic mitigates chromate toxicity in mice by alleviating oxidative stress in gut microbiota. Communications Biology, v.3, n.1, p.1-12, 2020. Available from: <Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-0968-3 >. Accessed: Jun. 15, 2022. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-0968-3.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-0...
) |
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Reducing gut inflammation and preventing allergies, such as atopic dermatitis (eczema) and allergic rhinitis in infants. |
(OJIMA et al., 2022OJIMA, M. N. et al. Ecological and molecular perspectives on responders and non-responders to probiotics and prebiotics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, v.73, p.108-120, 2022. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166921001075 >. Accessed: Nov. 18, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.023.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...
) |
| Others |
Psychobiotics can produce or stimulate the production of neurotransmitters and enteroendocrine hormones which can be useful for therapeutic neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, autism spectrum disorder, stress, depression and anxiety, among others. |
(SHARMA et al. 2021SHARMA, R. et al. Psychobiotics: The next-generation probiotics for the brain. Current Microbiology, v.78, n.2, p.449-463, 2021. Available from: <Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00284-020-02289-5 >. Accessed: Aug. 13, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s00284-020-02289-5.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100...
) |
