Acute toxicity of nitrate in <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> juveniles at low salinity levels

Alves Neto, Inácio; Brandão, Hellyjúnyor; Furtado, Plínio Schmidt; Wasielesky Jr, Wilson

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20180439

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BIOLOGY • Cienc. Rural 49 (1) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180439 copy

Acute toxicity of nitrate in Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles at low salinity levels

Toxicidade aguda do nitrato em juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei em baixa salinidade

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Different technologies have been developed to improve the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity, mainly in super-intensive systems like recirculation and BFT (Biofloc Technology System) systems. However, there is an accumulation of toxic nitrogenous compounds to the shrimps such as nitrate, that at high concentrations and depending on the salinity of the culture water can be lethal. Acute toxicity tests allow to analyze the relationship between the compound and other abiotic or biotic variables. The aim of this research was to determine the acute toxicity and safety level of nitrate (N-NO₃ ^-) for juveniles of L. vannamei at salinities of 5 and 10g.L^-1. For salinity of 5g.L^-1, a control and 5 treatments were tested, with nitrate concentrations of 100, 500, 1500, 2500 and 3500mg.L^-1.For salinity of 10mg.L^-1, a 4500mg.L^-1nitrate concentration was added. Juveniles were exposed to concentrations during 24, 48, 72, 96 hours in static system. The Mean Lethal Concentration (LC_C50) was calculated and the recommended safety level for L. vannamei cultivation is 60.05 and 127.61mg.L^-1 of nitrate for salinities 5 and 10g.L^-1, respectively.

Key words:
median lethal concentration; Pacific white shrimp; brackish water

Authorship

Inácio Alves Neto^*E-mail: engpesca.inacio@gmail.com. *Corresponding author

Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Cassino, 96210-030, RS, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG)Brazil96210-030, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Cassino, 96210-030, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4249-3272

Hellyjúnyor Brandão

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7714-2168

Plínio Schmidt Furtado

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0722-3840

Wilson Wasielesky Jr

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-4755

E-mail: engpesca.inacio@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author

DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript and in the decision to publish the results.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Alves Neto, Furtado and Wasielesky Jr conceived and designed experiments. Brandão performed statistical analyses of experimental data. All authors contributed equally for the conception and writing of the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved of the final version.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei throughout 96h nitrate exposure at different concentration in salinity 5g.L-1.

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Figure 2
Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei throughout 96h nitrate exposure at different concentration in salinity 10g.L-1.

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Figure 3
Linear regression of LC50 of nitrate-N to juvenile of L. vannamei exposed to different concentrations of nitrate-N at salinity 5g.L-1.

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Figure 4
Linear regression of LC50 of nitrate-N to juvenile of L. vannamei at salinity 10g.L-1 exposed to different concentrations of nitrate-N.

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Table 1
Water quality parameters during the LC₅₀ test for salinity 5g.L^-1 under different concentrations of nitrate (N-NO₃ ^-).

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Table 2
Water quality parameters during the LC₅₀ test for salinity 10g.L^-1 under different concentrations of nitrate (N-NO₃ ^-).

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Table 3
LC₅₀ (mg.L^-1) and confidence intervals of N-NO₃ ^- at different times and salinities.

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Table 4
LC₅₀ - 96h values (mg N-NO₃^-.L^-1) of nitrate for juveniles of different species of crustaceans, including results generated by the present study.

Figure 1 Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei throughout 96h nitrate exposure at different concentration in salinity 5g.L-1.

Figure 2 Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei throughout 96h nitrate exposure at different concentration in salinity 10g.L-1.

Figure 3 Linear regression of LC50 of nitrate-N to juvenile of L. vannamei exposed to different concentrations of nitrate-N at salinity 5g.L-1.

Figure 4 Linear regression of LC50 of nitrate-N to juvenile of L. vannamei at salinity 10g.L-1 exposed to different concentrations of nitrate-N.

Table 1 Water quality parameters during the LC₅₀ test for salinity 5g.L^-1 under different concentrations of nitrate (N-NO₃ ^-).

	Temperature	DO	pH	TAN	Alkalinity
Control	27.95±1.62	7.20±0.15^ab	8.13±0.11	0.40±0.26	97.5±2.54
100	27.84±1.80	7.32±0.15^ab	8.12±0.11	0.40±0.26	97.5±2.55
500	28.14±0.11	7.41±0.09ª	8.12±0.11	0.42±0.27	97.5±2.56
1500	27.99±2.26	6.86±0.06^b	8.17±0.11	0.41±0.26	97.5±2.59
2500	28.03±1.69	6.98±0.03^b	8.15±0.11	0.42±0.26	97.5±2.55
3500	27.89±1.79	7.22±0.18^ab	8.13±0.10	0.41±0.26	97.5±2.55

The data correspond to mean values of three replicates±standard deviation. Different letters on the same column indicate that means differ significantly (p <0.05). Temperature (°C); DO - Dissolved oxygen (mg.L^-1); TAN - Total ammonia nitrogen (mg.L^-1); Alkalinity (mg of CaCO₃.L^-1).

Table 2 Water quality parameters during the LC₅₀ test for salinity 10g.L^-1 under different concentrations of nitrate (N-NO₃ ^-).

	Temperature	DO	pH	TAN	Alkalinity
Control	27.01±0.50	6.74±0.1^a	8.20±0.09	0.35±0.25	97.5±2.54
100	26.9±0.49	6.75±0.11^a	8.20±0.10	0.34±0.23	97.5±2.58
500	27.06±0.51	6.70±0.09^a	8.18±0.10	0.35±0.26	97.5±2.57
1500	26.7±0.46	6.8±0.13^a	8.18±0.07	0.37±0.24	97.5±2.61
2500	27.02±0.52	6.72±0.10^a	8.20±0.10	0.33±0.26	97.5±2.57
3500	26.9±0.49	6.75±0.12^a	8.19±0.09	0.35±0.24	97.5±2.54
4500	28.27±0.22	7.46±0.00^b	8.17±0.12	0.36±0.26	97.5±2.73

The data correspond to mean values of three replicates±standard deviation. Different letters on the same column indicate that means differ significantly (p <0.05). Temperature (°C); DO - Dissolved oxygen (mg.L^-1); TAN - Total ammonia nitrogen (mg.L^-1); Alkalinity (mg of CaCO₃.L^-1).

Table 3 LC₅₀ (mg.L^-1) and confidence intervals of N-NO₃ ^- at different times and salinities.

Time (h)	5g.L^-1	10g.L^-1
24	1385.38 (1163.29-1649.87)	2716.12 (2445.69-3016.46)
48	1052.58 (859.72-1288.72)	1860.64 (1611.66-2148.08)
72	768.09 (614.49-960.09)	2006.89 (1764.00-2282.70)
96	600.51 (467.23-771.81)	1276.09 (1090.07-1495.07)

Table 4 LC₅₀ - 96h values (mg N-NO₃^-.L^-1) of nitrate for juveniles of different species of crustaceans, including results generated by the present study.

Species	Life stage	Salinity	LC₅₀	References
Penaeus monodon	Juvenile	15 with K⁺	1411	ROMANO & ZENG (2009ROMANO, N.; ZENG, C. Evaluating the newly proposed protocol of incorporated potassium in nitrate toxicity experiments at different salinities: A case study with the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, juveniles. Aquaculture, v.289, n.3-4, p.304-309, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.035 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.... )
Penaeus monodon	Juvenile	35 no K⁺	2213	ROMANO &ZENG (2009ROMANO, N.; ZENG, C. Evaluating the newly proposed protocol of incorporated potassium in nitrate toxicity experiments at different salinities: A case study with the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, juveniles. Aquaculture, v.289, n.3-4, p.304-309, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.035 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.... )
		35 with K⁺	2337	ROMANO &ZENG (2009ROMANO, N.; ZENG, C. Evaluating the newly proposed protocol of incorporated potassium in nitrate toxicity experiments at different salinities: A case study with the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, juveniles. Aquaculture, v.289, n.3-4, p.304-309, 2009. Available from: <Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.035 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.... )
Penaeus monodon	Juvenile (0.30g)	15	1449	TSAI &CHEN (2002TSAI, S. J.; CHEN, J. C. Acute toxicity of nitrate on Penaeus monodon juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, v.213, n. 1-4, p.163-170, 2002. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848602000236 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00023-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
		35	2316	TSAI &CHEN (2002TSAI, S. J.; CHEN, J. C. Acute toxicity of nitrate on Penaeus monodon juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, v.213, n. 1-4, p.163-170, 2002. Available from: <Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848602000236 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00023-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... )
Scylla serrata	-	30 no K⁺	3601	ROMANO &ZENG (2007ROMANO, N.; ZENG, C. Acute toxicity of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and potassium chloride and their effects on the hemolymph composition and gill structure of early juvenile blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v.26, n.9, p.1955-1962, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705664 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1897/07-144R.1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1770... )
		30 with K+	4339	ROMANO &ZENG (2007ROMANO, N.; ZENG, C. Acute toxicity of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and potassium chloride and their effects on the hemolymph composition and gill structure of early juvenile blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v.26, n.9, p.1955-1962, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705664 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1897/07-144R.1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1770... )
Portunus pelagicus	Juvenile (0.24 g)	30 no K⁺	3355	ROMANO & ZENG (2007ROMANO, N.; ZENG, C. Acute toxicity of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and potassium chloride and their effects on the hemolymph composition and gill structure of early juvenile blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v.26, n.9, p.1955-1962, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705664 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1897/07-144R.1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1770... )
		30 with K+	4132	ROMANO &ZENG (2007ROMANO, N.; ZENG, C. Acute toxicity of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and potassium chloride and their effects on the hemolymph composition and gill structure of early juvenile blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v.26, n.9, p.1955-1962, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705664 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.1897/07-144R.1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1770... )
Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis	Juvenile (0.30g)	28	912.07	CAMPOS et al (2012CAMPOS, B. R. DE et al. Toxicidade Aguda Da Amônia, Nitrito E Nitrato Sobre Os Juvenis De Camarão Rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda). Atlântica, 2012. v.34, n.1, p.75-81. Available from: <Available from: http://www.seer.furg.br/atlantica/article/view/2712/1488 >. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2018. doi: 10.5088/atl.2012.34.1.75. http://www.seer.furg.br/atlantica/articl... )
Litopenaeus vannamei	Juvenile (1.8g)	5	600.51	This study
Litopenaeus vannamei	Juvenile (1.8g)	10	1276.09	This study

LC₅₀=Median Lethal Concentration (mg.L^-1).

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Acute toxicity of nitrate in <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> juveniles at low salinity levels

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[1] E-mail: engpesca.inacio@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author