Gas emissions from an agricultural compression-ignition engine using Diesel, biodiesel and ethanol blends

Bertinatto, Rovian; Schlosser, José Fernando; Herzog, Daniela; Bertollo, Gilvan Moisés; Mas, Guilherme Dal; Osmari, Junior Garlet

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210210

ABSTRACT:

Partial fuel replacement strategies arising from fossil sources used in compression ignition engines involve mixtures of mineral Diesel oil, biodiesel and ethanol to minimize the gas emissions. In this study, experimental assessments were performed on a multi-cylinder, turbocharged aftercooler, compression-ignition, agricultural tractor engine provided with electronic injection management and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) gas treatment system. Diesel oil containing low (BS10 -10 ppm) and high sulfur concentrations (BS500 - 500 ppm) was utilized, with 10% of biodiesel as a constituent established by Brazilian legislation, in blends with 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the total volume, made up of anhydrous ethanol with additives. Thus, there were eight fuels blends and two reference conditions (without ethanol). The emissions of CO, HC, NOx and the HC+NOx gases were estimated, corresponding to the eight operating modes (M) of the ABNT NBR ISO 8178-4 standard. From the findings, it was evident that with the rise in the ethanol concentrations in the fuel blends there was a corresponding increasing in the CO, NOx and HC+NOx emissions. The HC, on the contrary, exhibited a pattern of higher emissions for the high-sulfur fuels (BS500) at low loads. No difference was observed for the NOx emissions at high loads. In the other operation modes, different behaviors were expressed for the BS10, which sometimes showed an increase, while at other times a reduction in the NOx emissions. Regarding the BS500, the NOx emission increased when the ethanol concentrations rose. As the specific emissions of the NOx were higher than those of the HC (in g.kW^-1.h^-1), the behavior exhibited by the HC+NOx showed similarity to that of the NOx. When the directly analysis of the operating modes was taken into consideration, the use of ethanol triggered an upswing in the emissions, exceeding the threshold of MAR-1 and EURO V standards.

Key words:
Biofuels; electronic injection; Diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends; emission regulations; tractor

[1] E-mail: engrovian@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author

	--------Diesel oil (sulphur)------		Biodiesel	Anhydrous ethanol with additives	Specific gravity
Treatments	(10 ppm)	(500 ppm)
	------------------------------------------------(%)-------------------------------------------------				(kg.m^-3, 20 ºC)
BS10 - 0% ethanol	90	0	10	0	844.4
BS10 - 5% ethanol	85.5	0	9,5	5	840.2
BS10 - 10% ethanol	81	0	9	10	839.5
BS10 - 15% ethanol	76.5	0	8.5	15	834.8
BS10 - 20% ethanol	72	0	8	20	833.3
BS500 - 0% ethanol	0	90	10	0	848.0
BS500 - 5% ethanol	0	85.5	9.5	5	844.1
BS500 - 10% ethanol	0	81	9	10	842.3
BS500 - 15% ethanol	0	76.5	8.5	15	838.2
BS500 - 20% ethanol	0	72	8	20	836.6

Characteristics	Unit	BS10^*	BS500^*	Anhydrous ethanol	Test method
Total acidity (max)	mg.L^-1			30	ABNT NBR 9866
Electric conductivity (max)	µS.m^-1			300	ABNT NBR 10547
Total sulphur (max)	mg.kg^-1 (ppm)	10	500	-	ASTM D 5453
Specific gravity	kg.m^-3 (20 ºC)	844.4	848	790.1	ABNT NBR 7148 ASTM D 4052
Cetane number (min)		48	42	6	ASTM D 6890
Flash point (min)	ºC	38	38		ASTM D 93
Alcohol content (min)	wt%			99.3	ASTM D 4052
Kinematic viscosity	mm².s^-1 (40 ºC)	2 a 4.5	2 a 5		ABNT NBR 10441

	Comb	Ethanol	--------------------------------Operating modes of the ABNT NBR ISO 8178-4-------------------------
			M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M6	M7	M8
CO (g.kW^-1.h^-1)	BS10	0%	0.24^aC2*	0.17^aCD2	0.06^aD3	0.62^bB5	0.27^aC23	0.26^aC3	0.29^aC2	0.89^aA5
	BS500	0%	0.33^aC2	0.28^aCD2	0.16^aCD2	0.95^aA5	0.32^aC2	0.28^aCD3	0.13^bD4	0.60^bB5
	BS10	5%	0.37^aC12	0.39^bC1	0.31^bC2	2.60^bA4	0.43^bC12	0.47^bC2	0.48^bC1	2.39^bB4
	BS500	5%	0.47^aD12	0.52^aCD1	0.47^aD1	2.87^aB4	0.59^aCD1	0.64^aCD1	0.67^aC2	3.82^aA4
	BS10	10%	0.47^aC1	0.50^aC1	0.43^bC12	4.29^aB2	0.55^aC1	0.60^aC12	0.57^bC1	8.37^aA2
	BS500	10%	0.52^aD1	0.59^aCD1	0.56^aCD1	3.64^bB3	0.62^aCD1	0.69^aCD1	0.73^aC12	6.57^bA3
	BS10	15%	0.25^aD2	0.16^bD2	0.46^bC12	3.96^bB3	0.23^bD3	0.22^bD3	0.09^bD3	5.58^bA3
	BS500	15%	0.56^aE1	0.65^aDE1	0.62^aDE1	5.87^aB2	0.67^aDE1	0.77^aCD1	0.85^aC1	11.88^aA2
	BS10	20%	0.50^aC1	0.53^aC1	0.48^aC1	11.43^aB1	0.56^aC1	0.65^aC1	0.60^aC1	15.03^bA1
	BS500	20%	0.34^bCD2	0.34^bCD2	0.24^bD2	9.96^bB1	0.41^bCD2	0.45^bC2	0.35^bCD3	20.12^aA1

HC (g.kW^-1.h^-1)	BS10	0%	0.03^aB2*	0.02^bD2	0.02^bC2	0.06^bA2	0.03^bB2	0.03^bB2	0.02^bCD2	0.00^bE2
	BS500	0%	0.03^aF3	0.04^aE2	0.06^aC3	0.18^aA3	0.05^aD1	0.05^aD1	0.05^aD3	0.15^aB3
	BS10	5%	0.00^bA4	0.00^bA4	0.00^bA5	0.00^bA3	0.00^bA4	0.00^bA4	0.00^bA3	0.00^bA2
	BS500	5%	0.03^aD3	0.03^aD3	0.03^aD4	0.09^aB5	0.04^aC2	0.04^aC2	0.04^aC4	0.11^aA4
	BS10	10%	0.01^bA3	0.01^bA3	0.01^bA3	0.00^bB3	0.01^bA3	0.00^bB4	0.00^bB3	0.00^bB2
	BS500	10%	0.04^aF2	0.06^aD1	0.07^aC1	0.20^aB2	0.05^aE1	0.05^aE1	0.06^aD2	0.25^aA2
	BS10	15%	0.05^aB1	0.05^bB1	0.05^bB1	0.16^bA1	0.04^bC1	0.04^bC1	0.04^bC1	0.03^bD1
	BS500	15%	0.05^aF1	0.05^aE1	0.06^aD2	0.22^aB1	0.05^aEF1	0.05^aEF1	0.07^aC1	0.27^aA1
	BS10	20%	0.01^bA3	0.01^bA3	0.00^bB4	0.00^bB3	0.01^bA3	0.01^bA3	0.00^bB3	0.00^bB2
	BS500	20%	0.03^aD3	0.03^aD3	0.03^aD4	0.14^aA4	0.04^aC2	0.03^aD3	0.03^aD5	0.10^aB5

NOx (g.kW^-1.h^-1)	BS10	0%	2.70^aD1*	2.68^aD12	3.40^aB2	7.54^aA4	2.46^aE1	2.35^aE1	3.09^aC12	7.63^bA5
	BS500	0%	2.54^bD2	2.50^bD2	3.30^aC2	7.13^bB5	2.27^bE1	2.17^bE1	2.62^bD1	8.27^aA4
	BS10	5%	2.79^aD1	2.79^aD12	3.61^aB1	9.46^aA3	2.54^aE1	2.48^aE1	3.10^aC1	9.63^aA4
	BS500	5%	2.71^aD1	2.63^bD12	3.44^bC12	8.12^bB4	2.27^bE1	2.22^bE1	2.65^bD1	9.62^aA3
	BS10	10%	2.83^aE1	2.83^aE1	3.66^aC1	10.13^aB2	2.57^aE1	2.47^aE1	2.93^aE23	12.10^aA1
	BS500	10%	2.69^bD12	2.67^bD1	3.53^bC1	8.54^bB3	2.34^bE1	2.26^bE1	2.70^bD1	11.37^bA1
	BS10	15%	2.82^aC1	2.82^aC1	3.68^aB1	10.46^aA1	2.41^aD1	2.38^aD1	2.78^aC3	10.39^bA2
	BS500	15%	2.74^aD1	2.69^bD1	3.52^bC1	10.56^aB1	2.35^aE1	2.28^aE1	2.65^bD1	11.06^aA2
	BS10	20%	2.73^aE1	2.66^aEF2	3.54^aC12	10.43^aA1	2.51^aFG1	2.37^aG1	3.20^aD1	10.04^bB3
	BS500	20%	2.67^aD12	2.60^aD12	3.47^aC1	9.80^bB2	2.36^bE1	2.26^aE1	2.72^bD1	11.15^aA2

HC + NOx (g.kW^-1.h^-1)	BS10	0%	2.73^aD1*	2.70^aD12	3.43^aB3	7.59^aA5	2.47^aE1	2.38^aE1	3.12^aC1	7.63^bA5
	BS500	0%	2.58^bD2	2.55^bD2	3.36^aC2	7.32^bB5	2.32^bE1	2.22^bE1	2.67^bD1	8.41^aA4
	BS10	5%	2.79^aD1	2.79^aD12	3.61^aB12	9.46^aA4	2.54^aE1	2.48^aE1	3.10^aC1	9.63^aA4
	BS500	5%	2.74^aD12	2.67^bD12	3.48^bC12	8.21^bB4	2.31^bE1	2.26^bE1	2.69^bD1	9.72^aA3
	BS10	10%	2.85^aD1	2.84^aD1	3.67^aC12	10.13^aB3	2.58^aE1	2.48^aE1	2.93^aD2	12.10^aA1
	BS500	10%	2.73^aD12	2.73^aD1	3.60^aC1	8.74^bB3	2.39^bE1	2.30^bE1	2.75^bD1	11.62^bA1
	BS10	15%	2.74^aD1	2.86^aD1	3.73^aC1	10.61^bA1	2.44^aE1	2.41^aE1	2.82^aD2	10.61^bB2
	BS500	15%	2.79^aD1	2.74^bD1	3.58^bC1	10.78^aB1	2.40^aE1	2.33^aE1	2.71^aD1	11.32^aA2
	BS10	20%	2.75^aE1	2.67^aEF2	3.54^aC23	10.43^aA2	2.52^aFG1	2.4^aG1	3.20^aD1	10.04^bB3
	BS500	20%	2.70^aD12	2.63^aD12	3.51^aC12	9.94^bB2	2.40^bE1	2.29^aE1	2.75^bD1	11.25^aA2

	M	Equations BS10	R² BS10	Equations BS500	R² BS500
CO	1	$y = 332.03 x^{3} - 101.99 x^{2} + 8.3911 x + 0.2262$	0.71	$y = - 21.005 x^{2} + 4.4328 x + 0.3148$	0.89
	2	$y = 544.75 x^{3} - 167.97 x^{2} + 13.607 x + 0.1479$	0.74	$y = - 31.623 x^{2} + 6.8474 x + 0.2644$	0.93
	3	$y = - 15.484 x^{2} + 5.0544 x + 0.075$	0.99	$y = - 40.475 x^{2} + 8.6745 x + 0.1516$	0.94
	4	$y = 5397.4 x^{3} - 1362.9 x^{2} + 110.75 x + 0.4554$	0.97	$y = 2008.6 x^{3} - 436.51 x^{2} + 52.026 x + 0.983$	0.99
	5	$y = 460.24 x^{3} - 140.72 x^{2} + 11.198 x + 0.2493$	0.65	$y = - 29.679 x^{2} + 6.4182 x + 0.3244$	0.93
	6	$y = 597.73 x^{3} - 181.74 x^{2} + 14.378 x + 0.2327$	0.71	$y = - 37.98 x^{2} + 8.5045 x + 0.284$	0.95
	7	$y = 723.21 x^{3} - 214.88 x^{2} + 15.576 x + 0.262$	0.67	$y = - 58 x^{2} + 12.854 x + 0.1318$	0.94
	8	$y = 5166.4 x^{3} - 1345.7 x^{2} + 133.18 x + 0.4052$	0.87	$y = 2.267.85 x^{3} - 319.56 x^{2} + 70.8 x + 0.64$	0.99
HC	1	$y = - 80 x^{3} + 24.286 x^{2} - 1.7571 x + 0.0314$	0.91	$y = - 25.357 x^{3} + 6.556 x^{2} - 0.3014 x + 0.0311$	0.99
	2	$y = - 73.333 x^{3} + 21.714 x^{2} - 1.4595 x + 0.0216$	0.88	$y = - 38.095 x^{3} + 9.9593 x^{2} - 0.5252 x + 0.0404$	0.87
	3	$y = - 80.595 x^{3} + 23.76 x^{2} - 1.6327 x + 0.0259$	0.89	$y = - 54.999 x^{3} + 14.847 x^{2} - 0.8962 x + 0.0535$	0.80
	4	$y = - 246.67 x^{3} + 72.694 x^{2} - 4.9507 x + 0.0639$	0.75	$y = - 203.1 x^{3} + 59.021 x^{2} - 3.8928 x + 0.1766$	0.87
	5	$y = - 63.57 x^{3} + 19.76 x^{2} - 1.502 x + 0.0308$	0.96	$y = - 20 x^{3} + 5.7143 x^{2} - 0.3929 x + 0.0496$	0.89
	6	$y = - 64.761 x^{3} + 20.479 x^{2} - 1.6054 x + 0.0313$	0.87	$y = - 28.572 x^{3} + 7.7553 x^{2} - 0.5082 x + 0.0496$	0.95
	7	$y = - 69.047 x^{3} + 20.918 x^{2} - 1.5396 x + 0.0255$	0.80	$y = - 46.547 x^{3} + 12.332 x^{2} - 0.6964 x + 0.05$	0.94
	8	$y = - 43.809 x^{3} + 12.204 x^{2} - 0.6884 x + 0.0019$	0.71	$y = - 244.29 x^{3} + 62.602 x^{2} - 2.9847 x + 0.1442$	0.96
NOx	1	$y = - 11.816 x^{2} + 2.534 x + 2.7007$	0.99	$y = - 11.107 x^{2} + 2.7825 x + 2.5603$	0.86
	2	$y = - 17.439 x^{2} + 3.4613 x + 2.6689$	0.97	$y = - 12.934 x^{2} + 3.0671 x + 2.5069$	0.98
	3	$y = - 21.378 x^{2} + 4.9376 x + 3.4051$	0.98	$y = - 13.622 x^{2} + 3.5773 x + 3.3013$	0.99
	4	$y = 592.5 x^{3} - 298.62 x^{2} + 50.471 x + 7.5534$	0.99	$y = - 1471.5 x^{3} + 387.64 x^{2} - 5.3129 x + 7.2286$	0.92
	5	$y = 222.74 x^{3} - 71.643 x^{2} + 5.7449 x + 2.4378$	0.74	$y = 0.5086 x + 2.2671$	0.87
	6	$y = - 9.9234 x^{2} + 1.8543 x + 2.3737$	0.64	$y = 0.4657 x + 2.1922$	0.78
	7	$y = 483.45 x^{3} - 121.61 x^{2} + 5.5199 x + 3.0859$	0.99	Not significant
	8	$y = 591.19 x^{3} - 430.83 x^{2} + 74.584 x + 7.4828$	0.86	$y = - 130.98 x^{2} + 40.613 x + 8.1968$	0.95
HC+NOx	1	$y = - 11.561 x^{2} + 2.5272 x + 2.7184$	0.87	$y = - 12.138 x^{2} + 3.0279 x + 2.5875$	0.90
	2	$y = - 17.286 x^{2} + 3.4707 x + 2.6824$	0.87	$y = - 14.464 x^{2} + 3.3903 x + 2.5406$	0.98
	3	$y = - 21.423 x^{2} 2 + 4.9643 x + 3.4213$	0.92	$y = - 15.173 x^{2} + 3.8426 x + 3.3477$	0.97
	4	$y = 355.71 x^{3} - 229.07 x^{2} + 45.782 x + 7.6116$	0.99	$y = - 1677 x^{3} + 447 x^{2} - 9.25 x + 7.4$	0.93
	5	Not significant		Not significant
	6	$y = - 9.0816 x 2 + 1.6785 x + 2.3944$	0.83	Not significant
	7	$y = 423.81 x^{3} - 103.19 x^{2} + 4.0971 x + 3.1126$	0.99	Not significant
	8	$y = 550.24 x^{3} - 419.42 x^{2} + 73.94 x + 7.4845$	0.86	$y = - 241.79 x^{3} - 69.209 x^{2} + 37.711 x + 8.3379$	0.95

Brasil

Brasil

Gas emissions from an agricultural compression-ignition engine using Diesel, biodiesel and ethanol blends

Emissões de gases de um motor agrícola de ignição por compressão utilizando misturas de óleo Diesel, biodiesel e etanol

ABSTRACT: