Desigualdades na aquisição de alimentos de acordo com a renda e os perfis sociais do chefe de família no Brasil

Sgambato, Michele Ribeiro; Lignani, Juliana de Bem; Pires, Caroline Abreu; Ribeiro, Eloah Costa de Sant Anna; Domingos, Talita Barbosa; Ferreira, Aline Alves; Sichieri, Rosely; Oliveira, Lívia Gomes de; Salles-Costa, Rosana

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FREE THEMES • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 27 (11) • Nov 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320222711.01582022 copiar

Desigualdades na aquisição de alimentos de acordo com a renda e os perfis sociais do chefe de família no Brasil

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

O Brasil é caracterizado por fortes desigualdades sociais e diferenças no acesso a alimentos de qualidade e em quantidade suficiente, o que representa uma violação do direito humano à alimentação adequada. O objetivo foi avaliar os gastos com alimentação de acordo com o perfil social do responsável pelo domicílio. Dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares Brasileiros de corte transversal (2017/2018) foram usados com uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de participantes da pesquisa domiciliar (n=52.917). A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para estimar razões de prevalência (RP) para avaliar a associação de diferentes perfis sociais com a aquisição de alimentos. O perfil caracterizado pela mulher auto classificada como branca, com maior escolaridade, cujas características estiveram positiva e significativamente associadas a maior aquisição de frutas (RP=1,22; IC95% 1,09-1,36), verduras e legumes (PR=1,24; IC95% 1,09-1,41) e queijo (RP=1,32; IC95% 1,09-1,59). Mulheres negras com baixa escolaridade apresentaram associação negativa com o consumo de refrigerantes (RP=0,53; IC95% 0,45-0,62) e alimentos preparados (RP=0,52; IC95% 0,37-0,74). Os resultados revelam grandes desigualdades na aquisição de alimentos entre os perfis sociais dos chefes de família.

Palavras-chave:
Inquéritos populacionais; Desigualdades; Alimentos; Renda; Brasil

Food group	Description
Healthy food marker
Rice	Rice, risotto and rice mixed dishes
Bean	Black beans, white beans and other types of beans
Tuber	All tubers (potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes and others)
Cassava flour	All cassava flours
Vegetables and greens	Lettuce, kale, cabbage, onions, tomato, pumpkin and others
Fruits	All fruits (banana, apple, pineapple, pear, grape and others)
Meat	Meat, beef, barbecue and meat dishes
Poultry	Poultry meat and poultry dishes
Eggs	Chicken eggs, quail eggs, duck eggs
Fish	Fish and seafood
Viscera	Liver, bovine stomach, chicken heart, chicken gizzard and others
Milk	Fluid milk, powdered milk
Yogurt	Yogurt and curd
Cheese	Cheeses in general
Coffee	Traditional coffee, espresso, cappuccino
Unhealthy food marker
Bread	White bread (pão francês)
Pasta	Spaghetti, lasagna, other types of mass
Sugar	All sugar
Salt	All salts
Oil	Vegetable oils, olive oil, lard, butter and margarine
Soda	Regular soft drinks
Sweetened juice	Flavored fruit juice bottled, powdered fruit juice, natural fruit juice
Alcoholic beverages	Wine, beer, cachaça, whisky, champagne and others
Light and diet beverages	Fruit juice or vegetable dietary bottled or in box, dietetic artificial fruit juice powder, choco milk bottled dietetic light and others
Processed meat	Sausage, bacon, hamburger, dried meat, and others
Canned	Canned sardines, canned tuna, chicken pate, ham pate canned beans, and others
Prepared food	Prepared lasagna, pasta, calzone, pancake, frozen potatoes for frying, potato chips and others
Cookies	All types of cookies
Sweet cookie	All sweet cookies (chocolate cookie, coconut cookie, milk cookie)
Cracker	Salty Cracker, cheese chips
Cakes	All cakes, brownie, cupcake, roulade, cornbread (Broa de milho), cereal bar, sonho de padaria
Sweets and desserts	Candy, ice cream, chocolate, sweet pie, churros, jelly, and others
Fast food	Sandwich, pizza, Brazilian deep-fried snacks (pastel, coxinha, empada), sfiha, hot dog, and others

Sociodemographic characteristics		Income quintile
Sociodemographic characteristics		1^st	5^th
		Mean (CI95%)
Income per capita (dollar)		106.5 (105.21-107.76)	1,413.31 (1380.76-1445.86)
		% (CI95%)
Reference person characteristic
Scholarity (years)
	<8	81.9 (80.74-83.09)	18.1 (16.91-19.26)
	>8	33.5 (31.79-35.18)	66.5 (64.81-68.21)
Sex
	Male	49.4 (47.65- 51.20)	50.6 (48.79- 52.35)
	Female	59.8 (57.92- 61.68)	40.2 (38.32- 42.08)
Race/skin color
	White	13.8(12.65-15.05)	86.2 (84.95-87.35)
	Non-white	51.2 (49.09-53.31)	48.8 (46.69-50.91)
Household characteristic
Region
	North	83.6 (81.01- 85.88)	16.4 (14.12- 18.99)
	Northeast	80.4 (78.85- 81.89)	19.6 (18.11- 21.15)
	Midwest	36.7 (32.18- 41.49)	63.3 (58.51- 67.81)
	Southeast	35.1 (32.16- 38.12)	64.9 (61.88- 67.84)
	South	26.9 (23.80- 30.15)	73.1 (69.85- 76.20)
Area
	Urban	24.9 (23.54-26.28)	75.1 (73.72-76.46)
	Rural	75.2 (71.45-78.63)	24.8 (21.37-28.55)
Number of residents per household
	<3	27.9(26.56-29.25)	72.1 (70.75-73.44)
	4-6	70.1 (68.10-72.07)	29.9 (27.93-31.90)
	>7	96.2 (93.95-97.66)	3.8 (2.34-6.05)
Water supply
	General water network	47.0 (45.28- 48.72)	53.0 (51.28- 54.72)
	Artesian water well	76.0 (72.82-78.97)	24.0 (21.03- 27.18)
Sewage
	Sewage network	34.3 (32.32-36.29)	65.7 (63.70-67.67)
	Other way	79.0 (77.67-80.18)	21.0 (19.81-22.33)

Food		Total		Income per capita quintiles*				∆^†
		Total		1^st		5^th
		Mean	CI95%	Mean	CI95%	Mean	CI95%
Healthy eating marker
	Rice	2.27	2.19-2.35	2.16	2.14-2.18	2.30	2.29-2.33	0.14
	Bean	1.14	1.10-1.19	1.04	1.03-1.06	1.17	1.16-1.18	0.13*
	Tubers	1.51	1.45-1.57	0.62	0.61-0.62	2.54	2.34-2.37	1.92*
	Cassava flour	0.42	0.39-0.45	0.75	0.74-0.77	0.38	0.37-0.38	-0,37
	Vegetables and greens	3.43	3.28-3.58	1.33	1.32-1.34	5.40	5.37-5.43	4.07*
	Fruits	4.92	4.74-5.10	1.59	1.57-1.61	8.24	8.20-8.29	5.18*
	Meat	1.19	1.10-1.28	1.45	1.43-1.47	1.58	1.56-1.61	0.13
	Poultry	4.18	4.03-4.33	3.76	3.73-3.78	5.07	5.03-5.11	1.31*
	Eggs	1.32	1.27-1.38	0.90	0.90-0.91	2.08	2.06-2.10	1.18*
	Fish	1.19	1.10-1.28	1.45	1.43-1.47	1.58	1.56-1.61	0.13
	Viscera	0.87	0.82-0.92	0.64	0.63-0.65	1.14	1.13-1.16	0.50*
	Milk	3.75	3.61-3.89	2.14	2.12-2.16	4.86	4.82-4.9	2.68*
	Yogurt	0.72	0.67-0.77	0.22	0.21-0.22	1.17	1.16-1.19	0.95*
	Cheese	2.94	2.76-3.11	0.51	0.50-0.52	5.16	5.12-5.20	4.65*
	Coffee	2.02	1.94-2.11	1.27	1.26-1.28	2.37	2.35-2.40	1.10*
Unhealthy eating marker
	Bread	2.67	2.60-2.74	1.80	1.78-1.80	2.97	2.95-2.98	1.17*
	Pasta	0.95	0.90-0.99	0.71	0.70-0.71	1.06	1.05-1.07	0.35*
	Sugar	0.97	0.93-1.00	0.82	0.81-0.83	0.97	0.96-0.98	0.15*
	Salt	0.11	0.10-0.11	0.08	0.08-0.08	0.11	0.11-0.11	0.03*
	Oil	1.16	1.10-1.22	0.81	0.80-0.81	1.35	1.34-1.37	0.54*
	Soda	2.33	2.22-2.44	0.88	0.87-0.89	3.24	3.21-3.26	2.36*
	Sweetened juice	1.28	1.20-1.37	0.36	0.36-0.37	1.96	1.94-1.98	1.60*
	Alcoholic beverages	2.99	2.70-3.29	0.39	0.37-0.40	5.54	5.47-5.61	5.15*
	Light and diet beverages	0.08	0.07-0.10	0.002	0.002-0.003	0.17	0.16-0.17	0.17*
	Processed meat	1.19	1.10-1.28	1.45	1.43-1.47	1.58	1.56-1.61	0.13
	Canned	1.02	0.94-1.10	0.40	0.39-0.40	1.59	1.57-1.61	1.19*
	Prepared food	2.05	1.83-2.25	0.50	0.49-0.51	3.35	3.30-3.40	2.85*
	Cookies	2.49	2.40-2.58	1.45	1.44-1.46	3.15	3.13-3.17	1.70*
	Sweet cookie	1.38	1.32-1.45	0.68	0.68-0.69	1.71	1.69-1.72	1.03*
	Salty cracker	1.10	1.06-1.15	0.74	0.73-0.74	1.43	1.42-1.45	0.69*
	Cakes	0.39	0.36-0.43	0.14	0.14-0.15	0.67	0.66-0.68	0.53*
	Sweets and desserts	2.14	1.99-2.29	0.44	0.43-0.45	3.48	3.45-3.52	3.04*
	Fast food	0.43	0.36-0.51	0.11	0.10-0.11	0.67	0.65-0.68	0.56*

Characteristics of head of household profile	Healthy eating markers
Characteristics of head of household profile	Vegetables and greens		Fruits		Tubers		Cheese		Milk
	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%
Men/White/High schooling	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Men/Non-white/High schooling	0.96	0.83-1.11	0.90	0.80-1.02	1.15	0.99-1.34	0.78	0.67-0.90	0.96	0.84- 1.11
Men/White/Low schooling	1.02	0.89-1.16	0.82	0.71-0.93	1.09	0.95-1.24	0.70	0.58-0.85	1.00	0.87- 1.16
Men/Non-white/Low schooling	0.90	0.80-1.02	0.68	0.60-0.77	0.86	0.74-0.98	0.49	0.41-0.59	0.82	0.72-0.92
Women/White/High schooling	1.22	1.07-1.38	1.17	1.05-1.31	1.20	1.05-1.37	1.27	1.06-1.54	1.10	0.96-1.26
Women/Non-white/High schooling	1.13	0.94-1.35	0.93	0.83-1.04	1.12	0.97- 1.28	0.76	0.64-0.91	1.00	0.88-1.13
Women/White/Low schooling	1.25	1.01-1.55	0.82	0.71-0.94	1.25	1.06-1.47	0.70	0.59-0.83	1.14	0.99-1.31
Women/Non-white/Low schooling	0.96	0.82-1.14	0.76	0.59-0.85	0.96	0.79- 1.16	0.46	0.37-0.60	0.90	0.77-1.04
	Unhealthy eating markers
	Soda		Alcoholic beverages		Sweetened juice		Prepared food		Sweets and desserts
	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%	PR	CI95%
Men/White/High schooling	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Men/Non-white/High schooling	0.89	0.77-1.02	1.09	0.81-1.45	0.86	0.70-1.06	0.82	0.63-1.08	0.66	0.55-0.79
Men/White/Low schooling	0.92	0.78-1.08	0.76	0.57-1.00	0.62	0.49-0.78	0.76	0.54-1.08	0.72	0.58-0.90
Men/Non-white/Low schooling	0.66	0.56-0.78	0.54	0.40-0.73	0.64	0.49-0.84	0.62	0.43-0.90	0.44	0.35-0.55
Women/White/High schooling	1.07	0.92-1.25	0.83	0.65-1.07	0.98	0.82-1.19	1.13	0.77-1.65	1.19	0.98-1.45
Women/Non-white/High schooling	0.79	0.68-0.92	0.72	0.39-1.34	0.77	0.62-0.96	0.76	0.53-1.08	0.78	0.63-0.97
Women/White/Low schooling	0.88	0.73-1.06	0.53	0.35-0.80	0.86	0.67-1.11	0.67	0.46-0.98	0.86	0.69-1.08
Women/Non-white/Low schooling	0.52	0.44-0.61	0.23	0.16-0.33	0.59	0.40-0.87	0.51	0.37-0.73	0.58	0.44-0.77

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[1] Collaborations

R Salles-Costa is the principal investigator of this study. R Salles-Costa, MR Sgambato and JB Lignani conceived and designed the study. MR Sgambato and JB Lignani wrote the paper. R Salles-Costa, MR Sgambato and JB Lignani contributed to the analysis of the data. All authors contributed to revising the manuscript and all read and approved the final manuscript.