Andreotti et. al., 20157676 Andreotti G, Hoppin JA, Hou L, Koutros S, Gadalla SM, Savage SA, Lubin J, Blair A, Hoxha M, Baccarelli A, Sandler D, Alavanja M, Freeman LEB. Pesticide use and relative leukocyte telomere length in the agricultural health study. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(7):e0133382.
|
PLoS ONE |
Cross-sectional |
Male workers applying pesticides |
USA |
Malathion |
Significant associations were found between the recent use of malathion and shorter relative telomere length (p=0.03), suggesting that the length of the leukocyte telomeres may be affected by the recent (and cumulative) use of certain pesticides. |
Arshad et al., 20157777 Arshad M, Siddiqa M, Rashid S, Hashmi I, Awan MA, Ali MA. Biomonitoring of toxic effects of pesticides in occupationally exposed individuals. Saf Health Work 2015; 7:156-160.
|
Saf Health Work |
Cross-sectional |
Workers in a pesticide industry |
Pakistan |
Complex pesticide mix, including malathion |
The leukocyte count increased significantly with the increased period of exposure among exposed workers. In the Comet Assay, the mean tail length of the DNA estimated in the exposed blood cells of exposed workers was significantly higher than in control group individuals. Malathion was detected in 72% of blood samples. The linear fit curve showed a significant correlation (R2=0.91) of the concentration of malathion with the tail length of the comet. The linear correlation between the malathion residues in the blood and DNA damage is very alarming and highlights the risks involved in direct exposure during the production activity. |
Lerro et al., 20157878 Lerro, Koutros S, Andreotti G, Friesen MC, Alavanja MC, Blair A, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Lubin JH, Ma X, Zhang Y, Freeman LEB. Organophosphate insecticide use and cancer incidence among spouses of pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:736-744.
|
Occup Environ Med |
Prospective cohort |
Women spouses of pesticide applicators |
USA |
10 organophosphates, including malathion |
The use of malathion was associated with a significantly increased risk of thyroid cancer (RR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.14-3.63). Significant interactions with the menopausal status of women and malathion for the risk of ovarian cancer (Pinteraction = 0.04) were also observed. |
Alavanja et al., 20147979 Alavanja MCR, Hofmann JN, Lynch CF, Hines CJ, Barry KH, Barker J, Buckman DW, Thomas K, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, Koutros S, Andreotti G, Lubin JH, Blair A, Freeman LEB. Non-hodgkin lymphoma risk and insecticide, fungicide and fumigant use in the agricultural health study. PLoS ONE 2014; 9(10):e109332.
|
PLoS ONE |
Prospective cohort |
Farmers and commercial applicators of pesticides |
USA |
Malathion (among 50 specific pesticides) |
Showed high but not significant risks with respect to cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) follicular B-cell subtype. |
Koutros et al., 20138080 Koutros S, Berndt SI, Barry KH, Andreotti G, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Yeager M, Burdett LA, Yuenger J, Alavanja MCR, Freeman LEB. Genetic susceptibility loci, pesticide exposure and prostate cancer risk. PLoS ONE 2013; 8(4):e58195.
|
PLoS ONE |
Case control |
Licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina |
USA |
Malathion (among 50 pesticides) |
Among men with two T alleles to rs2710647 in EH-domain binding protein 1 (EHBP1), the risk of prostate cancer in patients with low malathion use was 2.17 times those without use (95% CI: 0.91-5.14), and in those with high malathion use, it was 3.43 times those without use (95% CI: 1.44-8.15) (Pinteraction = 0.003). |
Cabello et al., 20138181 Cabello G, Valenzuela-Estrada M, Siques P, Brito J, Parra E, Valdivia U, Lavin C, Manríquez A, Ortega A. Relation of breast cancer and malathion aerial spraying in Arica, Chile. Int J Morphol 2013; 31(2):640-645.
|
Int J Morphol |
Case control |
Women living in Arica and Iquique |
Chile |
Malathion |
Women with more exposure time to malathion were 5.7 times more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer (OR=5.7, p<0.02). Metastases were found in 30.5% of the group exposed to malathion and only in 16% in the never exposed group (p<0.05), suggesting that the higher rate of mortality from breast cancer occurring in Arica has a significant correlation with the exposure to the sprayed malathion over the city for more than 30 years. |
Kachuri et al., 20138282 Kachuri L, Demers PA, Blair A, Spinelli JJ, Pahwa M, McLaughlin JR, Pahwa P, Dosman JA, Harris SA. Multiple pesticide exposures and the risk of multiple myeloma in Canadian men. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1846-1858.
|
Int J Cancer |
Case control |
Men residing in six Canadian provinces |
Canada |
Herbicides (2,4-D; Glyphosate and Mecoprop), insecticides (Methoxychlor; Malathion; Chlordane; DDT; Carbaryl and Lindane) and fungicides (Mercury dust; Captan and Formaldehyde) |
The OR ratio adjusted for multiple myeloma concerning exposure to malathion: OR (95% CI) = 1.12 (0.71, 1.74). Excluding respondents by proxy: OR=1.28 (0.79, 2.07). |
Koutros et al., 20128383 Koutros S, Freeman LEB, Lubin JH, Heltshe SL, Andreotti G, Barry KH, DellaValle CT, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Lynch CF, Blair A, Alavanja MCR. Risk of total and aggressive prostate cancer and pesticide use in the Agricultural Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 177(1):59-74.
|
|
Coorte prospectiva |
Agricultores e aplicadores comerciais de agrotóxicos |
EUA |
Malathion (entre 48 agrotóxicos) |
Quatro inseticidas foram associados ao câncer de próstata agressivo, entre eles o malathion com RR para Q4 vs. não exposto = 1,43, IC 95%: 1,08; 1,88; Ptrend = 0,04). |
Pahwa et al., 20128484 Pahwa M, Harris SA, Hohenadel K, McLaughlin JR, Spinelli JJ, Pahwa P, Dosman JA and Blair A. Pesticide use, immunologic conditions, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Canadian men in six provinces. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2650-2659.
|
Am J Epidemiol |
Prospective cohort |
Farmers and commercial pesticides applicators |
USA |
Malathion (among 48 pesticides) |
Four insecticides were associated with aggressive prostate cancer, among them malathion, with RR for Q4 vs. non-exposed = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.08; 1.88; Ptrend = 0.04). |
Barry et al., 20118585 Barry KH, Koutros S, Berndt SI, Andreotti G, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Burdette LA, Yeager M, Freeman LEB, Lubin JH, Ma X, Zheng T, Alavanja MCR. Genetic variation in base excision repair pathway genes, pesticide exposure, and prostate cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119(12):1726-1732.
|
Int J Cancer |
Case control |
Men aged ≥ 19 years |
Canada |
[1,1'-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis[4-chlorobenzene]; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT), malathion, (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid (MCPA), Mecoprop and (2,4dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) |
Individuals with asthma, allergies or hay fever who reported malathion use, controversially, had a lower risk of NHL (OR=1.25, 95% CI: 0.69-2.26) than those with none of these conditions (OR=2.44, 95% CI: 1.65-3.61). Similar effects were observed for asthma and allergies evaluated individually. |
Pahwa et al., 20118686 Pahwa P, Karunanayake CP, Dosman JA, Spinelli JJ, McLaughlin JR, Cross-Canada Group. Soft-tissue sarcoma and pesticides exposure in men results of a canadian case-control study. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53(11):1279-1286.
|
|
Caso controle |
Homens residentes de seis províncias canadenses |
Canadá |
Malathion entre outros agrotóxicos (herbicidas, inseticidas, fungicidas) |
Não foram encontradas associações significativas entre a incidência de Sarcoma de tecido mole (STS) e a frequência da exposição ao malathion. |
Hohenadel et al., 20118787 Hohenadel K, Harris SA, McLaughlin JR, Spinelli JJ, Pahwa P, Dosman JA, Demers PA, Blair A. Exposure to multiple pesticides and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma in men from six canadian provinces. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8:2320-2330.
|
Environ Health Perspect |
Case control |
White Pesticides Applicators from the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) |
USA |
Malathion (among 39 pesticides) |
There was no positive association between malathion exposure and prostate cancer (low exposure: OR (95% CI) = 0.88 (0.69, 1.13). High exposure: OR (95% CI) = 80 (0.62, 1.04). |
Band et al., 20118888 Band PR, Abanto Z, Bert J, Lang B, Fang R, Gallagher RP, Le ND. Prostate cancer risk and exposure to pesticides in british columbia farmers. Prostate 2011;71:168-183.
|
J Occup Environ Med |
Case control |
Men residing in six Canadian provinces |
Canada |
Malathion among other pesticides (Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides) |
No significant associations were found between the incidence of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and the frequency of exposure to malathion. |
Andreotti et al., 20108989 Andreotti G; Hou L; Freeman LEB; Mahajan R; Koutros S; Coble J; Lubin J; Blair A; Hoppin JA; Alavanja M. Body mass index, agricultural pesticide use, and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1759-1775.
|
Int J Environ Res Public Health |
Case control |
Men from six Canadian provinces |
Canada |
Malathion among other pesticides (Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides) - 36 combinations of pesticides |
Increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with malathion in combination with 2,4-D, Mecoprop, Carbaryl, Glyphosate, and DDT, where odds ratio was higher than the use of each pesticide individually. |
Andreotti et al., 20089090 Andreotti G, Freeman LEB, Hou L, Coble J, Rusiecki J, Hoppin JA, Silverman DT, Alavanja MCR. Agricultural pesticide use and pancreatic cancer risk in the Agricultural Health Study Cohort. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2495-2500.
|
Prostate |
Case control |
Male patients with prostate cancer from the population-based British Columbia Cancer Registry (BCCR) and BC farmers from the occupational exposure matrix (JEM) |
Canada |
290 different chemical agents (of these, 180 pesticides, including malathion) |
Exposure to malathion showed an excess risk to significant prostate cancer (OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.01-1.78), and a dose-response relationship. |
Bonner et al., 20079191 Bonner MR, Coble J, Blair A, Freeman LEB, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Alavanja MCR. Malathion exposure and the incidence of cancer in the Agricultural Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166(9):1023-103.
|
Cancer Causes Control |
Cohort |
Licensed private pesticide applicators and their spouses residing in Iowa and North Carolina, and commercial applicators residing in Iowa, all from the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) |
USA |
50 pesticides (including Malathion) |
Significant positive associations between body mass index (BMI) and colon cancer among men who used malathion. |
Zeljezic e Garaj-Vrhovac, 20029292 Zeljezic D, Garaj-Vrhova V. Sister chromatid exchange and proliferative rate index in the longitudinal risk assessment of occupational exposure to pesticides. Chemosphere 2002; 46:295-303.
|
Int J Cancer |
Case control |
Pesticide applicators and spouses with pancreatic cancer, residing in Iowa and North Carolina of the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) |
USA |
50 pesticides (including Malathion), of which 24 pesticides examined for exposure always/never, and 13 pesticides for days of exposure in life time with weighted intensity. |
The use (always) of malathion was significantly inversely associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer (OR=0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9). |
Garaj-Vrhovac e Zeljezic, 20019393 Garaj-Vrhovac V, Zeljezic D. Cytogenetic monitoring of croatian population occupationally exposed to a complex mixture of pesticides. Toxicology 2001; 165:153-162.
|
Am J Epidemiol |
Prospective cohort |
Pesticide applicators and their spouses residing in Iowa and North Carolina of the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) |
USA |
Malathion among 50 pesticides |
No conclusive evidence has been found that occupational exposure to malathion is associated with increased risk of cancers: combined lymphatic-hematopoietic cancers (multiple myeloma, leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma and NHL); leukemia; NHL; Lung, prostate, colon and rectum, kidney and bladder cancers; and melanoma. |
McDuffie et al., 20019494 McDuffie HH, Pahwa P, McLaughlin JR, Spinelli JJ, Fincham S, Dosman JA, Robson D, Skinnider LF, Choi NW. Non-hodgkin's lymphoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: cross-Canada study of pesticides and health. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:1155-1163.
|
Chemosphere |
Cohort |
Workers employed in three different pesticide production units (the pesticide synthesis unit, the emulsion-concentrated production unit and the powder and liquid pesticide production unit) |
Croatia |
Complex pesticide mix (atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and malathion) |
The mean value of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in the exposed group was significantly higher compared to the control group. The number of sister chromatid exchanges (HFCs) in the exposed group at all sampling periods was significantly higher compared to the control group. The results suggest that the increased number of SCEs found in exposed individuals is not the result of the cytotoxic action or epigenetic action of the pesticide mix, but rather the chronic occupational exposure to the pesticide mix. |
Titenko-Holland et al., 19979595 Titenko-Holland N, Windham G, Kolachana P, Reinisch F, Parvatham S, Osorio AM, Smith MT. Genotoxicity of malathion in human lymphocytes assessed using the micronucleus assay in vitro and in vivo: A study of malathion-exposed workers. Mutat Res 1997; 388:85-95.
|
Toxicology |
Cohort
|
Workers employed in three different pesticide production units (the pesticides synthesis unit, the emulsion-concentrated production plant and the powder and liquid pesticides production unit) |
Croatia |
Complex pesticide mix (atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and malathion) |
The exposed group showed an increased number of chromosomal and chromatid changes, regardless of the sampling time. The results of the first sampling series revealed dicentric chromosomes (n=17) and chromatid changes (n=4) in the exposed group, but none of them in the control group. In the second series of sampling, only dicentric (n=4) were observed in the exposed group, that is, the number reduced significantly after 8 months of non-exposure. A higher micronucleus (MN) frequency was observed in the exposed group compared to controls, regardless of sampling time. In the comet assay, the lymphocytes of the exposed workers expressed a greater DNA migration than the control. |
Pluth et al., 19969696 Pluth JM, Nicklas JA, O'Neill JP, Albertini RJ. Increased frequency of specific genomic deletions resulting from in vitro malathion exposure. Cancer Res 1996; 56:2393-2399.
|
Cancer Epide-miol Bio-markers Prev |
Case control
|
Men living in six Canadian provinces |
Canada |
Herbicides, fungicides, fumigants and insecticides, including malathion |
Malathion was the only organophosphate of individual exposure associated statistically with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: ORa (95% CI) = 1.77 (1.28-2.46). |
Czeizel, 19949797 Czeizel AE. Phenotypic and cytogenetic studies in self-poisoned patients. Mutat Res 1994; 313:175-181.
|
Mutat Res |
Cross-sectional/ In vitro experimental study |
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes / Workers who were involved in the mosquito eradication program conducted by the California Department of Food and Agriculture - USA |
USA |
Malathion (95% of purity and 5% de impurity, including malaoxon) |
A significant increase in micronucleated cells (47.5/1000 binucleated lymphocytes versus 16.0/1000 in the dimethyl sulfoxide control, p <0.001) was found on isolated lymphocytes at high dose levels (75-100 µg/ml), concomitantly with cytotoxicity and strong inhibition of proliferation (p<0.001). Many of the treated cells also had multiple micronuclei. |
Cantor et al., 19929898 Cantor KP, Blair A, Everett G, Gibson R, Burmeister LF, Brown LM, Schuman L, Dick FR. Pesticides and other agricultural risk factors for non-hodgkin's lymphoma among men in Iowa and Minnesota. Cancer Res 1992; 52:2447-2455.
|
Cancer Res |
Cross-sectional/ In vitro experimental study |
Occupationally exposed worker. (> 5 years) / Human peripheral blood lymphocytes |
USA |
Malathion (batches with 1 to 3% contamination by isomalathion and malaoxon) and phosphine / Malathion |
The mutant frequencies of the treated samples showed intra- and inter-individual variability and, in some cases, negligible increases on the controls. This study provided the first evidence of an association between exposure to malathion and specific mutations in human T lymphocytes. |
Rupa et al., 19919999 Rupa DS, Reddy PP, Sreemannarayana K, Reddi OS. Frequency of sister chromatid exchange in peripheral lymphocytes of male pesticide applicators. Environ Mol Mutagen 1991; 18:136-138.
|
Mutat Res |
Prospective cohort |
Self-intoxicating individuals (attempted suicide) |
Hungary |
Drugs and insecticides, including malathion |
A temporary, but significant increase in peripheral blood leukocyte aneuploidy from the first samples collected 3 to 6 days after malathion intoxication (6.3%, p<0.01). Temporary increase in the rate of chromatid and chromosomal changes after malathion intoxication. |
Rupa et al., 1989100100 Rupa DS, Reddy PP, Reddi OS. Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in smokers exposed to pesticides in cotton fields. Mutat Res 1989; 222:37-41.
|
Cancer Res |
Case control |
Newly diagnosed men with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia in the states of Minnesota and Iowa. |
USA |
23 specific insecticides used in animals (including malathion), 34 insecticides applied to crops (including malathion), 38 herbicides and 16 fungicides. |
The first use before 1965 was associated with a higher risk (OR=1.8 / CI=1.0, 3.3) than those who had always handled (OR=1.3 / CI=0.9, 2.1), and was significant for the early reported use of malathion, as an animal insecticide. The OR for the management, blending or personal application of specific insecticides that could have been used in both animals and crops before 1965 shows a significantly elevated risk for malathion (OR=1.8, CI=1.1-3.1, 31 cases). |
|
Environ Mol Mutagen |
Cross-sectional |
Male pesticide applicators |
India |
Mix of DDT, BHC, endosulfan (35%), malathion, Methyl parathion, phosphamidon, monocrotophos, quinalphos, dimethoate, fenvalerate or cypermethrin |
A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between the mean frequency of sister chromatid exchanges per cell in the control group (3.57) and the frequency of the exposed group (8.46). SCE frequency was also significantly higher in the exposed group at all exposure durations (1-10 years, 11-20 years and > 20 years). |
|
Mutat Res |
Cross-sectional |
Smokers exposed to pesticides, nonsmokers (control I) e non-exposed smokers (control II) |
India |
Mix of malathion, DDT, BHC, endosulfan, Methyl parathion, monocrotophos, quinalphos, dimethoate, phosphamidon, cypermethrin and fenvalerate |
Changes in the chromatid type were higher in control II compared to control I. Changes in the isochromic type (gaps (0.04), breaks (0.02), fragments (0.13)) and dicentric (0, 52) in control II while they were absent in control I. In the pesticide-exposed population, the number of gaps and chromosomal breaks increased when compared to control II. A similar increase was observed in the fragments, deletions and dicentric in the exposed population compared to control II. Polyploids increased the duration of exposure to pesticides. The statistical analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) increase in total chromosomal changes in pesticide-exposed smokers compared to non-pesticide-exposed smokers. |