| Butte et al.8
|
Case-control |
Age, height, gestational weight gain, parity, newborn birth weight |
The concentrations of total protein, lactose, fat and energy did not differ from the concentrations found in the milk of the reference population |
| Bitman et al.9
|
Case-control |
Not informed |
The fat content of the milk secreted by the diabetic woman tended to be lower compared to the control group; the values of protein and lactose did not differ |
| Arthur et al.10
|
Case-control |
Maternal age and gestational age |
The lactose content of the milk secreted by the diabetic woman was lower on the 1st and 2nd day postpartum |
| Neubauer et al.11
|
Cohort |
Gestational age, delivery type, newborn gender and if already breastfed |
The milk of women with diabetes had less lactose and a higher concentration of protein on the 2nd and 3rd day postpartum |
| Beusekom et al.12
|
Case-control |
Gestational age, delivery type, newborn birth weight |
Mean total fat was lower in the milk of women with diabetes, but there was no difference in lactose and total protein values |
| Jackson et al.13
|
Case-control |
Maternal age, gestational weight gain, parity, schooling, gestational age, delivery type, newborn gender and time of previous breastfeeding |
The mean total fat was lower in the milk of women with diabetes on the 2nd and 3rd day postpartum. |
| Lammi-Keefe et al.14
|
Case-control |
Gestational age, delivery type, newborn gender and if already breastfed |
There was no significant difference in lipid content between the three groups throughout the study |
| Oliveira et al.15
|
Cohort |
Maternal age, pre-gestational body mass index, weight gain during gestation, type and number of deliveries and gestational age of newborn |
Both groups showed increased concentration of lactose from 1 to 5 days postpartum. A lower concentration of lactose was observed in colostrum in the group of women with diabetes. |
| Morceli et al.16
|
Cross-sectional |
Tobacco use, arterial hypertension and glycemia |
Total protein concentration was similar between normoglycemic and diabetic mothers. Fat concentration was significantly lower in the colostrum of diabetic mothers, but the total energy value did not differ |
| Bachour et al.21
|
Cohort |
Maternal age, tobacco use, parity, lactation stage, residential area and use of medicines |
Protein concentration was lower and fat concentration was higher in mature milk of overweight mothers |
| Massmann et al.18
|
Cohort |
Tobacco use, diabetes and mean pressure during gestation |
Colostrum and mature milk from hypertensive mothers had higher levels of total protein |
| Makela et al.19
|
Cross-sectional |
Maternal age, schooling, household income, gestational weight gain and maternal diet |
The total fat content of the milk did not differ between overweight and normal weight women |
| Fujimori et al.20
|
Cross-sectional |
Maternal age, gestational age, tobacco use, hypertension, pre-gestational body mass index, gestational or chronic diabetes |
The fat and energy content was higher among obese women when compared to the eutrophic group, whereas the protein content did not show differences |
| Dritsakou et al.17
|
Cohort |
Not informed |
The fat and energy content of both colostrum and transition milk were higher in overweight women, whereas in mature milk only higher fat levels were estimated. Women with diabetes had higher energy values in colostrum, transition milk and mature milk, and lower values of protein in transition and mature milk |
