Prevalência de automedicação e fatores associados em adolescentes de 18-19 anos: a coorte de 1997/1998 em São Luís-MA, Brasil

Godinho, Joseane Lima Prado; Magalhães, Elma Izze da Silva; Santos, Alcione Miranda dos; Pinho, Judith Rafaelle Oliveira; Chagas, Deysianne Costa das; Ribeiro, Cecília Cláudia Costa; Britto, Maria Helena Seabra Soares de; Alves, Maria Teresa Seabra Soares de Britto e

Joseane Lima Prado Godinho

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA). R. Barão de Itapary 155, Centro. 65020-070 São Luís MA Brasil. jlpg.godinho@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-5469

Elma Izze da Silva Magalhães

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA). R. Barão de Itapary 155, Centro. 65020-070 São Luís MA Brasil. jlpg.godinho@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-9861

Alcione Miranda dos Santos

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA). R. Barão de Itapary 155, Centro. 65020-070 São Luís MA Brasil. jlpg.godinho@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-0182

Judith Rafaelle Oliveira Pinho

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA). R. Barão de Itapary 155, Centro. 65020-070 São Luís MA Brasil. jlpg.godinho@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-8138

Deysianne Costa das Chagas

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA). R. Barão de Itapary 155, Centro. 65020-070 São Luís MA Brasil. jlpg.godinho@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0239-6662

Cecília Cláudia Costa Ribeiro

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA). R. Barão de Itapary 155, Centro. 65020-070 São Luís MA Brasil. jlpg.godinho@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0041-7618

Maria Helena Seabra Soares de Britto

Departamento de Farmácia, UFMA. São Luís MA Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7155-1633

Maria Teresa Seabra Soares de Britto e Alves

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA). R. Barão de Itapary 155, Centro. 65020-070 São Luís MA Brasil. jlpg.godinho@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4806-7752

Collaborations

JLP Godinho and EIS Magalhães contributed to the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data and draft of the manuscript. MTSSB Alves contributed to the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data and critical review of intellectual content. AM Santos, JRO Pinho, DC Chagas, CCC Ribeiro and MHSS Brito contributed to the conception and design of the study and critical review of the intellectual content. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and assume responsibility for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and integrity.

Chief editors:

Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva

Variable/Category		N (%)	Self-medication
Variable/Category		N (%)	Prevalence (%)	Crude PR (95%CI)	P-Value
Sex					<0.0001*
	Male	1,196 (47.55)	27.68	Ref.
	Female	1,319 (52.45)	38.51	1.39 (1.24-1.56)
Skin color					0.0843
	White/Yellow	497 (19.86)	36.57	Ref.
	Black/Brown	2,005 (80.14)	32.55	0.89 (0.78-1.02)
Marital status					0.2500
	Without partner	2,422 (96.30)	33.51	Ref.
	With partner	93 (3.70)	27.47	0.82 (0.58-1.15)
Adolescent education level					0.0944
	Elementary School	27 (1.07)	18.52	Ref.
	High school/pre-university course	1,673 (66.57)	31.37	1.69 (0.77-3.75)
	Technical school	141 (5.61)	35.46	1.91 (0.84-4.36)
	Incomplete University Graduate	672 (26.74)	38.30	2.07 (0.93-4.59)
Head of Household education level					0.1811
	Uneducated	29 (1.28)	28.57	Ref.
	Elementary School	564 (24.99)	30.36	1.06 (0.58-1.93)
	High School	1,258 (55.74)	34.27	1.20 (0.66-2.17)
	Incomplete University Graduate	81 (3.59)	38.27	1.34 (0.70-2.56)
	Complete University Graduate	325 (14.40)	37.65	1.32 (0.72-2.41)
Current Job					0.8700
	No	2,118 (84.21)	70.04	Ref.
	Yes	397 (15.79)	69.46	0.99 (0.89-1.09)
Family Income^a					0.1153
	<1 minimum wage	290 (12.96)	76.86	Ref.
	1 minimum wage	735 (32.84)	71.22	0,92 (0.82-1.04)
	≥2 minimum wages	1,213(54.20)	68.39	0,88 (0.79-0.99)

Variable/Category		N (%)	Self-medication
Variable/Category		N (%)	Prevalence (%)	Crude PR (95%CI)	P-Value
Smoking					0.4060
	Never smoked	2,283 (91.21)	33.42	Ref.
	Stopped smoking	131(5.23)	36.92	1.10 (0.88-1.39)
	Current smoker	89 (3.56)	28.09	0.84 (0.60-1.18)
Consumption of alcoholic beverages					0.0447*
	Never	1,459 (58.50)	30.94	Ref.
	≤1 time/month	431 (17.28)	35.03	1.13 (0.97-1.32)
	2 a 4 time/month	455 (18.24)	38.11	1.23 (1.07-1.42)
	≥5 time/month	149 (5.97)	37.84	1.22 (0.98-1.52)
Illicit drug use					0.1321
	Never used	1,552 (70.55)	32.47	Ref.
	Just experienced	258 (11.73)	38.28	1.18 (0.99-1.40)
	Already used, but stopped	188 (8.55)	36.56	1.13 (0.92-1.38)
	Only on weekends/on occasion	164 (7.45)	39.02	1.20 (0.98-1.47)
	Every day/almost every day	38 (1,.73)	27.03	0.83 (0.49-1.42)
Physical activity level					0.0085**
	Sedentary	1,123 (44.88)	35.96	Ref.
	Low	289 (11.55)	37.28	1.04 (0.88-1.23)
	Moderate	608 (24.30)	30.64	0.85 (0.74-0.98)
	High	482 (19.26)	28.75	0.80 (0.68-0.94)
Screen time					0.0057**
	≤2 hours/day	245 (10.80)	25.82	Ref.
	2 to 4.9 hours/day	586 (25.83)	30.98	1.20 (0.94-1.53)
	≥5 hours/day	438 (63.38)	35.64	1.38 (1.10-1.73)
Self-satisfaction with health					<0.0001**
	Unsatisfied/Very Unsatisfied	313 (12.45)	39.94	Ref.
	Regular	801 (31.86)	37.95	0.95 (0.81-1.12)
	Satisfied/Very satisfied	1,400 (55.69)	29.29	0.73 (0.63-0.86)
Hospitalization in the previous year					0.0690
	No	2,386 (94.87)	33.78	Ref.
	Yes	129 (5.13)	25.58	0.76 (0.56-1.02)
Health insurance					0.2050
	No	2,006 (79.76)	32.70	Ref.
	Yes	509 (20.24)	35.63	1.09 (0.95-1.24)
Hyperglycemia/diabetes					0.0379*
	No	2,395 (95.42)	32.94	Ref.
	Yes	115 (4.58)	41.74	1.27 (1.01-1.58)
Hypercholesterolemia					0.1435
	No	2,215 (88.39)	32.91	Ref.
	Yes	291 (11.61)	37.11	1.13 (0.96-1.32)
Arterial hypertension					0.3237
	No	2,439 (97.13)	33.58	Ref.
	Yes	72 (2.87)	27.78	0.83 (0.57-1.21)
Allergic rhinitis					0.0014**
	No	2,155 (85.93)	32.20	Ref.
	Yes	353 (14.07)	40.51	1.26 (1.09-1.45)
Skin allergy/eczema					0.1049
	No	2,157 (86.28)	32.68	Ref.
	Yes	343 (13.72)	37.03	1.13 (0.97-1.32)

ATC Code - Level 1	ATC Code - Level 2	N (%)
N02 Analgesics	N02 Analgesics	292 (34.80)
M03 Muscle relaxants	M03 Muscle relaxants	181 (21.57)
M01 Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products	M01 Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic products	148 (17.64)
A03 Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders	A03 Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders	93 (11.08)
R05 Cough and cold preparations	R05 Cough and cold preparations	72 (8.58)
R06 Antihistamines for systemic use	R06 Antihistamines for systemic use	30 (3.58)
A11 Vitamins	A11 Vitamins	30 (3.58)
J01 Antibacterials for systemic use	J01 Antibacterials for systemic use	30 (3.58)
A02 Drugs for acid related disorders	A02 Drugs for acid related disorders	17 (2.03)
G03 Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system	G03 Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system	16 (1.91)
A04 Antiemetics and antinauseants	A04 Antiemetics and antinauseants	13 (1.55)
A16 Other alimentary tract and metabolism products	A16 Other alimentary tract and metabolism products	11 (1.31)
R01 Nasal preparations	R01 Nasal preparations	7 (0.83)
J02 Antimycotics for systemic use	J02 Antimycotics for systemic use	5 (0.60)
D10 Anti-acne preparations	D10 Anti-acne preparations	3 (0.36)
C10 Lipid modifying agents	C10 Lipid modifying agents	3 (0.36)
N03 Antiepileptics	N03 Antiepileptics	2 (0.24)
B03 Antianemic preparations	B03 Antianemic preparations	2 (0.24)
H02 Corticosteroids for systemic use	H02 Corticosteroids for systemic use	2 (0.24)
N05 Psycholeptics (N05B - anxiolytics)	N05 Psycholeptics (N05B - anxiolytics)	2 (0.24)
N06 Psychoanaleptics (N06A - antidepressants)	N06 Psychoanaleptics (N06A - antidepressants)	2 (0.24)
A15 Appetite stimulants	A15 Appetite stimulants	2 (0.24)
A07 Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents	A07 Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents	1 (0.12)
N06 Psychoanaleptics (N06B - psychostimulants)	N06 Psychoanaleptics (N06B - psychostimulants)	1 (0.12)
B01 Antithrombotic agents	B01 Antithrombotic agents	1 (0.12)
A06 Drugs for constipation	A06 Drugs for constipation	1 (0.12)

Block/Variable/Category		Model 1^a	Model 2^b	Model 3^c
Block/Variable/Category		Adjusted PR (95%CI)	Adjusted PR (95%CI)	Adjusted PR (95%CI)
Block 1 (Distal level)
Sex
	Male	Ref
	Female	1.41 (1.25-1.59)**
Block 2 (Intermediate level)
Screen time
	≤2 hours/day		Ref
	2 to 4.9 hours/day		1.17 (0.91-1.50)
	≥5 hours/day		1.32 (1.05-1.67)*
Block 3 (Proximal level)
Self-satisfaction with health
	Unsatisfied/Very Unsatisfied			Ref
	Regular			0.94 (0.79-1.12)
	Satisfied/Very satisfied			0.79 (0.67-0.94)**
Hospitalization in the previous year
	No			Ref
	Yes			0.70 (0.50-0.97)*
Allergic rhinitis
	No			Ref
	Yes			1.19 (1.02-1.39)*

[1] Collaborations

JLP Godinho and EIS Magalhães contributed to the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data and draft of the manuscript. MTSSB Alves contributed to the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data and critical review of intellectual content. AM Santos, JRO Pinho, DC Chagas, CCC Ribeiro and MHSS Brito contributed to the conception and design of the study and critical review of the intellectual content. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and assume responsibility for all aspects of the work, including ensuring its accuracy and integrity.

Brasil

Brasil

Prevalência de automedicação e fatores associados em adolescentes de 18-19 anos: a coorte de 1997/1998 em São Luís-MA, Brasil

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