Phenomenology as a method applied to nursing science: research study

Henriques, Carolina Miguel da Graça; Botelho, Maria Antónia Rebelo; Catarino, Helena da Conceição Pereira

doi:10.1590/1413-81232021262.41042020

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. Saúde Colet. 26 (02) • Feb 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021262.41042020 copy

Phenomenology as a method applied to nursing science: research study

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Abstract

In a more inductive or deductive way, several theorists have problematized about nursing care in which they seek to clarify nursing science focus of attention. The phenomenological perspective allows us to perceive the human lived experience and unveil their meaningful understanding as a person. Stemming from the question ‘What is the lived transition experience of the maternal role of women with problems of addiction to psychoactive substances, from pregnancy to the first year of the child’s life?’ This research distills the core principles of a qualitative research, with a phenomenological and interpretative design, with the objective of understanding the lived experience transition process of the maternal role of women with problems psychoactive substances addition. The research does not only reveal the contribution of phenomenological studies in the development of nursing science, but also enhances the living experience of women with addiction problems to psychoactive substances, during pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and the first year of their children’s life, enabling nurses to develop specific interventions to dealt with this problematic issue under study.

Key words:
Phenomenology; Living experience; Nursing; Maternal role

Fictitious Name	Children	Other data
Dora (N1)	Female daughter, one year and six months old, the result of a previous relationship.	She lives with her current partner, who is not the father of her daughter (the result of a previous relationship). Children are currently institutionalized. Unemployed
Ana (N2)	Two-year-old female daughter. The participant has an older daughter who is twenty years old, the result of a previous relationship.	She lives with his current partner and daughter, who is the father of her youngest daughter. Unemployed
Maria (N3)	Two year old female daughter	She lives with his daughter, partner and in-laws. In-laws have the regulation of the child's parental power. Unemployed
Irene (N4)	Male child about one year and four months old.	She lives alone. Relationship in the past with a boyfriend which is the only child he has. Unemployed
Raquel (N5)	Male child with two years and six months old.	She had a relationship in the past with a boyfriend from whom she had a single child. He lives with his parents and son. Unemployed
Sandra (N6)	The oldest daughter is nineteen, followed by a sixteen-year-old daughter and a thirteen-year-old daughter.	She lives with her four children. Maid
Patrícia (N7)	Daughter about two years old.	Lives with her partner. Children are currently under the care of their paternal grandparents. Unemployed
Nélia (N8)	Two and a half years old daughter	She lives alone. Children are currently institutionalized. Unemployed
Cristina (N9)	Male child with three years old and another with two years old.	She lives with her children and partner. Maid
Carla (N10)	Four-year-old female daughter and another one and a half years old.	She lives with her daughters. Unemployed
Inês (N11)	One and a half year old female daughter.	She lives with her parents. Children are currently institutionalized. Unemployed
Paula (N12)	The participant has two male children, one with twenty years old and the other with one and a half years old.	She lives with her partner and youngest son. Maid
Carlota (N13)	A six-year-old male son and a two-year-old son.	She lives with her children and partner. Unemployed
Aurora (N14)	Twenty-year-old male son and another two-year-old son.	She lives with her partner and youngest son. Maid

	Theme	Situating in the Mother-Child Dyad	Example of Extract from Narratives
Lived experience of the transition to the maternal role of women with problems with addiction to psychoactive substances at the time of pregnancy	Theme Variations	- Baby Connection / Binding - Feeling Fear of Changes / Malformations in the Baby - Feel the Fear of Losing Son	“[...] But then as she grew inside me it was, eh man, it was peace… a wonderful thing… ouch! [...] I would like to sleep clinging to my belly when it was big and feeling the baby moving, it’s a wonderful thing, doctor. [...] I spoke to my daughter, I vented to her, she was there with me, inside me. ” (Dora - N1).

	Theme	Situating in the Mother-Child Dyad	Example of Extract from Narratives
Lived experience of the transition to the maternal role of women with problems with addiction to psychoactive substances at the time of labour and delivery	Theme Variations	- Baby Connection / Binding - Feeling Fear of Changes / Malformations in the Baby - Feel the Fear of Losing Son	“[...] I was sick of pain, but also at the same time, fired, I was happy, I wanted to see my daughter, hug her, I wanted to see my daughter, the pregnancy lasted for centuries.” (Dora - N1).

	Theme	The Situation in the Maternity Project	Example of Extract from Narratives
Lived experience of the transition to the maternal role of women with problems with addiction to psychoactive substances in the postpartum period (up to 30 days after the child’s birth)	Theme Variations	- Feeling Social Stigma in relation to the Ability to Be a Mother - Feeling Like Other Mothers - The revolt over social security institutions and technicians	“When the baby was born, I was the one who did everything, in the first days they wanted to do it and I said I want my daughter, I want to do it. [...] A nurse at the hospital then said to me, come here, come here, stretch your arm, go, you have to learn, it can’t be just watching. I was so happy, I was the one who bathed him, changed diapers, fed, everything, everything, they did almost nothing, they took care of others. This was very important for me, I learned to do it and my daughter felt it was me.” (Dora - N1)

	Theme	Situating in the Maternity Project	Example of Extract from Narratives
Lived experience of the transition to the maternal role of women with problems with addiction to psychoactive substances after the child’s first year of life	Theme Variations	- Feeling Social Stigma in relation to the Ability to Be a Mother - Feeling Mother - Feeling Proud	“One thing that struck me was that when I had my son, I was a drug addict and the other lady who was there also having the baby was not. [...]! It’s like I tell you, they make a lot of distinction! ” (Aurora - N14).

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[1] Collaborations

CMG Henriques and HCP Catarino - Conceptualization, Research, visualization and writing of the article. MAR Botelho - Conceptualization, Research, visualization and writing of the article.