Education-based Aedes Aegypti control actions: an integrative review

Dias, Ítala Keane Rodrigues; Martins, Rosa Maria Grangeiro; Sobreira, Cicera Luciana da Silva; Rocha, Rhavena Maria Gomes Sousa; Lopes, Maria do Socorro Vieira

doi:10.1590/1413-81232022271.33312020

Ítala Keane Rodrigues Dias

Universidade Regional do Cariri. R. Cel. Antônio Luíz 1161, Pimenta. 63105-010 Crato CE Brasil. itala_keany@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3027-825X

Rosa Maria Grangeiro Martins

Universidade Regional do Cariri. R. Cel. Antônio Luíz 1161, Pimenta. 63105-010 Crato CE Brasil. itala_keany@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2516-0719

Cicera Luciana da Silva Sobreira

Universidade Regional do Cariri. R. Cel. Antônio Luíz 1161, Pimenta. 63105-010 Crato CE Brasil. itala_keany@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2380-9606

Rhavena Maria Gomes Sousa Rocha

Universidade Regional do Cariri. R. Cel. Antônio Luíz 1161, Pimenta. 63105-010 Crato CE Brasil. itala_keany@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6341-4735

Maria do Socorro Vieira Lopes

Universidade Regional do Cariri. R. Cel. Antônio Luíz 1161, Pimenta. 63105-010 Crato CE Brasil. itala_keany@hotmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1335-5487

Collaborations

All authors participated in the conception of the project, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the article, critical review of the content and final approval of the version to be published.

Chief editors:

Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva

Authors/Country/ Year of publication	Study design/ Language	Interventions	Results
Bartlett-Healy et al.¹⁵15 Bartlett-Healy K, Hamilton G, Healy S, Crepeau T, Unlu I, Farajollahi A. Fonseca D, Gaugler R, Clark GG, Strickman D. Source reduction behavior as an independent measurement of the impact of a public health education campaign in an integrated vector management program for the Asian tiger mosquito. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8:1358-1367./ United States/ 2011	Experimental/ English	The study involved three communities. Teachers in one community were given education materials and instructed how to present lessons. The children who participated in the study received take-home ovitraps to collect mosquito eggs and instructions on how to count eggs and upload data to an Internet site with different computer games. In the second community, the activity was directed at adults, who received educational brochures over the course of the spring and summer. A third community did not receive any interventions	There were no significant differences in source reduction behavior for those individuals receiving education and those not receiving education. However, there was a significant difference in source reduction behavior in those receiving education in the Monmouth county site
Cáceres-Manrique et al.¹⁶16 Cáceres-Manrique FM, Angulo-Silva MP, Vesga-Gómez C. Eficacia de la movilización y la participación social para la apropiación o "empoderamiento" (sic.) (empowerment) de las medidas de control del dengue, Comuna Norte, Bucaramanga, 2008-2009. Biomedica 2010; 30:539-550./ Colombia/ 2010	Experimental/ Spanish	The study was conducted in four districts. Two received interventions and two were controls. The intervention consisted of home visits to investigate knowledge, practices and population adherence. Subsequently, community leaders received training on vector surveillance, prevention and control	The intervention was effective. Larval index and dengue prevalence decreased by 20% and 4.5%, respectively, in the intervention sites. Larval index and dengue prevalence in the control site were 15.9% and 6.7%, respectively
Contreras et al.¹1 Lopes N, Linhares REC, Nozawa C. Características gerais e epidemiologia dos arbovírus emergentes no Brasil. Rev Pan-Amaz Saude 2014; 5(3):55-64. ⁷7 Luz PM, Vanni T, Medlock J, Paltiel AD, Galvani AP. Dengue vector control strategies in an urban setting: an economic modelling assessment. Lancet 2011; 377(9778):1673-1680./ Cuba/ 2012	Quasi-experimental/ Spanish	The study assessed the impact of a dengue education intervention directed at professionals working with vector control in three communities. The educational strategy consisted of conferences, followed by thematic workshops and the distribution of a brochure to participants. Knowledge was measured before and after the intervention	The educational strategy was effective in increasing professionals’ knowledge of vector control actions
Hernández-Suárez and Mendoza-Cano¹⁸18 Hernández-Suárez CM, Mendoza-Cano O. Empirical evidence of the effect of school gathering on the dynamics of dengue epidemics. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:28026./ Mexico/ 2016	Quasi-experimental/ English	The intervention consisted of a campaign focused on training elementary school janitors to locate and avoid breeding sites before the start of the school year. Training included talks using slides, followed by visits to typical breeding sites in the school. Talks lasted an average of 2.5 hours	There was a 45% reduction in dengue incidence compared to the previous year in the schools where janitors received training
Silva et al.¹1 Lopes N, Linhares REC, Nozawa C. Características gerais e epidemiologia dos arbovírus emergentes no Brasil. Rev Pan-Amaz Saude 2014; 5(3):55-64. ⁹9 Batista G, Thomé RCA, Pastore DH, Arruda EF, Dias CM, Yang HM. Modelagem do Aedes aegypti utilizando a bactéria Wolbachia como agente de controle. XLIX Simpósio Brasileiro de Pesquisa Operacional; 2017 ago 27-30; Blumenau-SC, Brasil./ Brazil/ 2013	Quasi-experimental/ Portuguese	The study was conducted in public schools and houses. Home visits were made by the researchers and endemic disease control agents to observe the situation in yards and fill in a checklist. Based on this information, the researchers defined education actions for schools to increase student knowledge of vector prevention and control, drawing on the principles of meaningful learning. Education actions included the following: classes given by the researchers; distribution of the preventive resource “Evidengue®” and an informational brochure. After the education actions, the researchers made another two home visits to observe the situation in yards and adherence to Evidengue®, once again filling out the checklist	The intervention demonstrated potential for vector control. In the first visit, 89.3% of homes had container habitats. At the second and third visits after the intervention, the number of homes with container habitats reduced to 70.0% and 68.0%, respectively
Torres et al.²⁰20 Torres JL, Ordóñez JG, Vázquez-Martínez MG. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre el dengue en las escuelas primarias de Tapachula, Chiapas, México. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2014; 35(3):214-218./ Mexico/ 2014	Quasi-experimental/ Spanish	The study assessed an educational intervention with 3,124 students (1,562 participated in educational activities and the rest comprised the control group). A survey was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices before and after the educational strategy. The strategy consisted of a 60-minute talk focusing on the participation of students in self-care and vector prevention and control. The strategy included the observation of real eggs, larvae, pupae and adults and a walk around the school yard to identify and record the types of containers that provide ideal breeding sites	The knowledge, attitudes and practices of the students who participated in educational activities improved significantly, showing a statistically significant difference in all items when compared to the control group

Authors/Country/ Year of publication	Study design/ Language	Interventions	Results
Arunachalam et al.²2 Lima-Camara TN. Arboviroses emergentes e novos desafios para a saúde pública no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:36. ¹1 Lopes N, Linhares REC, Nozawa C. Características gerais e epidemiologia dos arbovírus emergentes no Brasil. Rev Pan-Amaz Saude 2014; 5(3):55-64./ India/ 2012	Experimental/ English	The study was developed in two neighborhood clusters, each containing 1,000 houses. In the intervention clusters, Aedes control was carried out using a community-based environmental management approach directly involving the community. Activities included the mobilization of self-help and school groups for dengue prevention, distribution of health education material, clean-up campaigns, waste disposal, and recycling. The control cluster received only the routine government services	Vector infestation levels were significantly lower in the intervention clusters. The pupae per person index was significantly reduced to 0.004 pupae per person from 1,075
Caprara et al.²2 Lima-Camara TN. Arboviroses emergentes e novos desafios para a saúde pública no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:36. ²2 Lima-Camara TN. Arboviroses emergentes e novos desafios para a saúde pública no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:36./ Brazil/ 2015	Experimental/ English	The study assessed an intervention aimed at reducing A. aegypti, comparing 10 intervention clusters and 10 control clusters. Routine vector control activities were conducted in the control clusters, while in the intervention clusters key individuals were identified and underwent training to mobilize the community to participate in an environmental management program (workshops, clean-up campaigns, waste disposal, mobilization of schoolchildren and community groups, and distribution of information, education and communication materials)	Major differences were found between the intervention and control areas before and after the intervention
Costa et al.²2 Lima-Camara TN. Arboviroses emergentes e novos desafios para a saúde pública no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:36. ³3 Boeuf P, Drummer HE, Richards JS, Scoullar MJL, Beeson JG. The global threat of Zika virus to pregnancy: epidemiology, clinical perspectives, mechanisms, and impact. BMC Medicine 2016; 14:112./ Brazil/ 2012	Experience report/ Portuguese	This article describes the implementation of the “Friends of the neighborhood against Dengue” project. Activities included 23 group clean-ups and 10 recyclable material collection competitions in schools. Certificates of participation were handed out and the activities were presented during an event held in the community displaying the recyclable material and featuring plays, puppet shows and popular dance	5,145 breeding grounds were eliminated in 3,258 homes (average of 1.58 breeding grounds per home)
Healy et al.²⁴24 Healy K, Hamilton G, Crepeau T, Healy S, Unlu I, Farajollahi A, Fonseca D. Integrating the Public in Mosquito Management: Active Education by Community Peers Can Lead to Significant Reduction in Peridomestic Container Mosquito Habitats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108504./ United States/ 2014	Experimental/ English	The study assessed a source reduction program in which community volunteers were trained to educate their peers on mosquito control and prevention. Active education was conducted by teams who carried out inspections in backyards together with residents, describing current and potential mosquito habitats. A number of community events were organized using printed material and litter-picking	There was a significant reduction of container habitats in the sites where the volunteers actively engaged the community. There was a 22.6% reduction in container habitats in the intervention areas, compared to a 32.3% increase in the control sites
Kittayapong et al.²2 Lima-Camara TN. Arboviroses emergentes e novos desafios para a saúde pública no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:36. ⁵5 Carvalho NS, Carvalho BF, Dóris B, Biscaia ES, Fugaça CA, Noronha L. Zika virus and pregnancy: An overview. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 77:e12616./ Thailand/ 2012	Experimental/ English	The study was conducted in three communities. The intervention and control groups were randomly selected. Key community leaders and relevant governmental authorities were identified and trained to conduct vector control activities in their own communities using environmental management in combination with eco-friendly vector control tools. The trained volunteers carried out health education and vector control during home visits, management of public spaces and solid waste management	There was a significant reduction in the pupae per person index in intervention communities during entomological surveys, which were conducted at two-month intervals
Mitchell-Foster et al.²⁶26 Mitchell-Foster K, Ayala EB, Breilh J, Spiegel J, Wilches AA, Leon TO, Delgado JA. Integrating participatory Community mobilization processes to improve dengue prevention: an eco-bio-social scaling up of local success in Machala, Ecuador. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:126-133./ Canada/ 2015	Experimental/ English	The study assessed an integrated intervention strategy (IIS) for dengue prevention (an elementary school-based dengue education program, and “clean patio and safe container” program) implemented in 10 intervention clusters, against 10 control clusters. Special attention was given to social mobilization and empowerment of the participants of the IIS	The IIS was successful. There was a reduction in the pupa per person index in the intervention communities when compared to the control group

Authors/Country/ Year of publication	Study design/ Language	Interventions	Results
Ghosh et al.²2 Lima-Camara TN. Arboviroses emergentes e novos desafios para a saúde pública no Brasil. Rev Saude Publica 2016; 50:36. ⁷7 Luz PM, Vanni T, Medlock J, Paltiel AD, Galvani AP. Dengue vector control strategies in an urban setting: an economic modelling assessment. Lancet 2011; 377(9778):1673-1680./ India/ 2011	Experimental/ English	The study assessed the effectiveness of education campaigns using two types of fish (Poecilia reticulata and Gambusia Affinis) in indoor cement tanks for larval control in three communities. In the first community Poecilia reticulata was released into indoor tanks and education campaigns were conducted to educate residents on fish maintenance, mode of transmission and the treatment of diseases transmitted by the mosquito. In the second community, the same activities were developed, but using Gambusia Affinis. In the third community Poecilia reticulata was released without education campaigns	The use of Poecilia reticulata with education campaigns was the most effective means of controlling Aedes, reducing chikungunya cases by 99.87%. In the community using Gambusia Affinis and education campaigns, chikungunya cases were reduced by 68.51%, while in the community that used Poecilia reticulata without education campaigns, cases reduced by 65.48%

Authors/Country/ Year of publication	Study design/ Language	Interventions	Results
Nam et al.²⁸28 Nam VS, Yen NT, Duc HM, Tu TC, Thang VT, Le NH, San LH, Loan LL, Huong VTQ, Khanh LHK, Trang HTT, Lam LZY, Kutcher SC, Aaskov JG, Jeffery JAL, Ryan PA, Kay BH. Community-Based Control of Aedes aegypti By Using Mesocyclops in Southern Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86(5):850-859./ Vietnam/ 2012	Experimental/ English	The study was carried out in 14 communities (12 intervention communities and two controls). The intervention was implemented over a seven-year period. A water supply and sanitation system was implemented and civil society leaders and representatives were trained in workshops and assessed to implement the proposed strategies. At the end of training, the volunteers received household recording books, a house list for each collaborator and an activity schedule. Primary and secondary school teachers were also targeted for training	The project achieved its objectives with high efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability. The mean±SD density of adult female A. aegypti was reduced from 0.93±0.62 to 0.06±0.09 and the reduction of numbers of immature A. aegypti averaged 98.8%. At the end of the project, no adults were collected in six of the 14 communities

[1] Collaborations

All authors participated in the conception of the project, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the article, critical review of the content and final approval of the version to be published.

Brasil

Brasil

Education-based Aedes Aegypti control actions: an integrative review

Abstract