Dimensions of student violence against the teacher

Alves, Angela Gilda; Cesar, Flaviane Cristina Rocha; Barbosa, Maria Alves; Oliveira, Lizete Malagoni de Almeida Cavalcante; Silva, Edinamar Aparecida Santos da; Rodríguez-Martín, Dolors

doi:10.1590/1413-81232022273.07002021

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TEMAS LIVRES • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 27 (03) • Mar 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022273.07002021 copy

Dimensions of student violence against the teacher

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Violence against teachers is a global concern and has a negative impact on the development of society. In this context, this study aimed to review definitions of violence against teachers to develop an integrated consensus and conceptual model. A scoping review of the literature was carried out to include articles that could answer the guiding question of the study: “What are the definitions and dimensions of student violence against teachers in teaching?” The studies included in the review, it was identified that violence against the teacher can be defined as a set of actions and situations caused by students in an insidious or chronic way in the workplace and/or through digital medium, mediated by the perception of violence, the copping mechanism of the teacher and the organizational management of the violence. The integrated model of violence against teachers comprises conceptual antecedents, such as previous experience with violence against the teacher, the cultural definition of violence and the perception of victimization. Violence against teachers is a multidimensional construct that results from the interaction with the student in the organizational and social context. The consequences of violence against the teacher include psychological, emotional, biological, professional and social harm.

Key words:
Violence; Teaching; Workplace violence; Education; Faculty

Categorias De bourdieu	Dimensões de dano	Subcategorias	Caracterização da violência/autor	Nível de ensino
Campo	Disputas de poder e posição na realidade social	Violência no trabalho	Envolve múltiplos fatores no local de trabalho, como um comportamento intencional ou reativo, que permeiam a violência do aluno contra o professor, como a influência parental; funcionários da escola e polícia; pressão dos pares; influências estudantis e meios de comunicação de massa¹⁹19 Ruff JM, Gerding G, Hong O. Workplace violence against K-12 teachers: implementation of preventive programs. AAOHN J 2004; 52(5):204-209.^,²⁹29 Al-Omari MA, Johari H, Suan Choo L. Workplace violence: a case in Malaysian higher education institute. Business Strategy Series 2012; 13(6):274-283.	Superior e escola
Campo	Disputas de poder e posição na realidade social	Violência por meio das TIC	Intimidação e ameaça por meio de conteúdos inapropriados via e-mail e redes sociais¹³13 McMahon SD, Martinez A, Espelage D, Rose C, Reddy LA, Lane K, Anderman EM, Reynolds CR, Jones A, Brown V. Violence directed against teachers: results from a national survey. Psychology in the Schools 2014; 51(7):753-766.^,²⁰20 Reddy LA, Espelage D, McMahon SD, Anderman EM, Lane KL, Brown VE, Reynolds CR, Jones A, Kanrich J. Violence against Teachers: case studies from the APA Task Force. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology 2013; 1(4):231-245.	Ensino médio, fundamental e médio
Capital	Conhecimento e prestígio social	Coerção social	Intimidação sem violência física ou verbal explícita a fim de pressionar o professor a alterar qualquer etapa do ensino-aprendizado, a exemplo da pressão para tirar notas melhores²⁶26 Dzuka J, Dalbert C. Student violence against teachers: teachers’ well-being and the belief in a just world. European Psychologist 2007; 12(4):253-260.	Escolas secundárias
		Danos à propriedade	Vitimização por lesão à propriedade pessoal, incluindo roubo e danos a bens materiais no ambiente de ensino¹³13 McMahon SD, Martinez A, Espelage D, Rose C, Reddy LA, Lane K, Anderman EM, Reynolds CR, Jones A, Brown V. Violence directed against teachers: results from a national survey. Psychology in the Schools 2014; 51(7):753-766.^,¹⁵15 Moon B, McCluskey J. An exploratory study of violence and aggression against teachers in middle and high schools: prevalence, predictors, and negative consequences. Journal of School Violence 2018; 19(2):1-16.^,²⁶26 Dzuka J, Dalbert C. Student violence against teachers: teachers’ well-being and the belief in a just world. European Psychologist 2007; 12(4):253-260.^,²⁷27 Álvarez-García D, Mercedes JM, Rodríguez FJ, Núñez JC. Adaptación y validación del cuestionario CUVE³ - EP para la evaluación de la violencia escolar en centros de enseñanza básica de la República Dominicana. Anales de Psicología 2015; 31(3):859-868.	Rurais, urbanos e suburbanos fundamental e médio
		Desprezo individual ou coletivo	Comportamento manipulador que visa isolar socialmente o professor com intenção de exclusão, ignorar e não prestar atenção¹⁴14 Wilson CM, Douglas KS, Lyon DR. Violence against teachers: prevalence and consequences. J Interpers Violence 2011; 26(12): 2353-2371.^,¹⁵15 Moon B, McCluskey J. An exploratory study of violence and aggression against teachers in middle and high schools: prevalence, predictors, and negative consequences. Journal of School Violence 2018; 19(2):1-16.^,¹⁷17 Melanda FN, Salvagioni DAJ, Mesas AE, Gonzalez AD, Andrade SM. Recurrence of violence against teachers: two-year follow-up study. J Interpers Violence 2019; 36(17-18):NP9757-NP9776.^,²⁶26 Dzuka J, Dalbert C. Student violence against teachers: teachers’ well-being and the belief in a just world. European Psychologist 2007; 12(4):253-260.^,²⁸28 Bounds C, Jenkins LN. Teacher-directed violence and stress: the role of school setting. Contemporary School Psychology 2018; 22(4):435-442.	Ensino fundamental
Habitus	Caracterização da violência	Violência verbal	Fala desrespeitosa dos alunos contra os professores em sala de aula, incluindo insultos pessoais, xingamentos, ridicularização, de forma insidiosa ou crônica¹⁴14 Wilson CM, Douglas KS, Lyon DR. Violence against teachers: prevalence and consequences. J Interpers Violence 2011; 26(12): 2353-2371.^,¹⁵15 Moon B, McCluskey J. An exploratory study of violence and aggression against teachers in middle and high schools: prevalence, predictors, and negative consequences. Journal of School Violence 2018; 19(2):1-16.^,¹⁷17 Melanda FN, Salvagioni DAJ, Mesas AE, Gonzalez AD, Andrade SM. Recurrence of violence against teachers: two-year follow-up study. J Interpers Violence 2019; 36(17-18):NP9757-NP9776.^,²⁶26 Dzuka J, Dalbert C. Student violence against teachers: teachers’ well-being and the belief in a just world. European Psychologist 2007; 12(4):253-260.^,²⁸28 Bounds C, Jenkins LN. Teacher-directed violence and stress: the role of school setting. Contemporary School Psychology 2018; 22(4):435-442.	Escolas primárias e secundárias, jardim de infância até a 12ª série
		Violência física	Ameaça/tentativa/agressão real, com ou sem uso de arma, caracterizado por empurrão, arremesso de objetos e ataques com contato físico, independentemente de resultar na necessidade de atendimento médico¹⁴14 Wilson CM, Douglas KS, Lyon DR. Violence against teachers: prevalence and consequences. J Interpers Violence 2011; 26(12): 2353-2371.^,¹⁵15 Moon B, McCluskey J. An exploratory study of violence and aggression against teachers in middle and high schools: prevalence, predictors, and negative consequences. Journal of School Violence 2018; 19(2):1-16.^,¹⁷17 Melanda FN, Salvagioni DAJ, Mesas AE, Gonzalez AD, Andrade SM. Recurrence of violence against teachers: two-year follow-up study. J Interpers Violence 2019; 36(17-18):NP9757-NP9776.^,²⁶26 Dzuka J, Dalbert C. Student violence against teachers: teachers’ well-being and the belief in a just world. European Psychologist 2007; 12(4):253-260.^,²⁸28 Bounds C, Jenkins LN. Teacher-directed violence and stress: the role of school setting. Contemporary School Psychology 2018; 22(4):435-442.	Escola primaria e secndária
		Interrupção na sala de aula	Comportamento intencional de dificultar o trabalho expositivo do professor durante a aula²⁸28 Bounds C, Jenkins LN. Teacher-directed violence and stress: the role of school setting. Contemporary School Psychology 2018; 22(4):435-442.	Ensino superior
		Gestos ou falas obscenas	Qualquer tipo de ameaça ou agressão associadas a motivação homofóbica¹³13 McMahon SD, Martinez A, Espelage D, Rose C, Reddy LA, Lane K, Anderman EM, Reynolds CR, Jones A, Brown V. Violence directed against teachers: results from a national survey. Psychology in the Schools 2014; 51(7):753-766.^,¹⁵15 Moon B, McCluskey J. An exploratory study of violence and aggression against teachers in middle and high schools: prevalence, predictors, and negative consequences. Journal of School Violence 2018; 19(2):1-16.^,²⁰20 Reddy LA, Espelage D, McMahon SD, Anderman EM, Lane KL, Brown VE, Reynolds CR, Jones A, Kanrich J. Violence against Teachers: case studies from the APA Task Force. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology 2013; 1(4):231-245.	Ensino médio
		Assédio sexual	Comentários sexuais explícitos e/ou gestos obscenos, toques indesejados e xingamentos, individualmente ou diante dos demais¹³13 McMahon SD, Martinez A, Espelage D, Rose C, Reddy LA, Lane K, Anderman EM, Reynolds CR, Jones A, Brown V. Violence directed against teachers: results from a national survey. Psychology in the Schools 2014; 51(7):753-766.^,¹⁵15 Moon B, McCluskey J. An exploratory study of violence and aggression against teachers in middle and high schools: prevalence, predictors, and negative consequences. Journal of School Violence 2018; 19(2):1-16.^,²⁰20 Reddy LA, Espelage D, McMahon SD, Anderman EM, Lane KL, Brown VE, Reynolds CR, Jones A, Kanrich J. Violence against Teachers: case studies from the APA Task Force. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology 2013; 1(4):231-245.	Ensino fundamental e médio
		Agressão sem contato	Comportamento intencional de dificultar o trabalho expositivo do professor durante a aula. Presenciar cenas de violência de alunos e/ou pais dos alunos jogando, chutando ou destruindo itens no ambiente de ensino¹⁵15 Moon B, McCluskey J. An exploratory study of violence and aggression against teachers in middle and high schools: prevalence, predictors, and negative consequences. Journal of School Violence 2018; 19(2):1-16.	Ensino médio
		Violência relacionada à identidade de gênero e orientação sexual	Qualquer tipo de ameaça ou agressão associadas à motivação homofóbica²⁰20 Reddy LA, Espelage D, McMahon SD, Anderman EM, Lane KL, Brown VE, Reynolds CR, Jones A, Kanrich J. Violence against Teachers: case studies from the APA Task Force. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology 2013; 1(4):231-245.	Ensino médio

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[1] Colaboradores

AG Alves, EAS Silva e FCR Cesar colaboraram igualmente na concepção e na redação das versões inicial e final do manuscrito. MA Barbosa, D Rodriguez-Martín e LMAC Oliveira trabalharam de forma equivalente na revisão crítica do manuscrito e contribuíram para a aprovação da versão final a ser publicada.