Prevalence, co-occurrence, and associated factors of intimate partner violence among Brazilian university students

Valério, Inaê Dutra; Soares, Ana Luiza Gonçalves; Moraes, Claudia Leite de; Gonçalves, Helen

doi:10.1590/1413-81232024299.14712023

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Sumário

THEMATIC ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 29 (09) • Sept 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232024299.14712023 copy

Prevalence, co-occurrence, and associated factors of intimate partner violence among Brazilian university students

Prevalência, coocorrência e fatores associados da violência por parceiro íntimo entre estudantes universitários brasileiros

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) among youth is a public health problem worldwide because of its high prevalence and lifelong serious consequences in health and quality of life. This cross-sectional census aimed to describe the IPV victimization among all freshman students in a Brazilian university (n=1,509), which was selected from a larger population of 2,706 freshmen. We created a 10-item questionnaire inspired by established instruments to measure the prevalence of IPV. Multivariate logistic regression assessed the association between demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors with various types of IPV. We visualized co-occurrence using a Venn diagram and employed multinomial logistic regression to examine the relationship between covariates and the cooccurrence of IPV types. The chance of IPV was higher in males, those who were currently in a relationship, and those with a higher risk of alcohol abuse. These same characteristics were also associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing the co-occurrence of two or more types of IPV. Prevention strategies should consider those groups and monitoring of those who abuse alcohol, which can be a predictor behavior or a mechanism to deal with the stress arising from IPV.

Key words:
Violence; Students; Cross-sectional studies; Intimate partner violence; Youth

Variable	Confounders
Sex	-
Gender identity	Sex
Sexual orientation	Sex, age, skin color, economic class
Skin color	-
Age	-
Economic class	Sex, skin color, age
Place of origin	Sex, skin color, age, economic class
Cohabitation status	Sex, skin color, age, economic class, place of origin
Relationship status	Sex, sexual orientation, skin color, age, economic class, place of origin
Cigarette/tobacco use	Sex, sexual orientation, skin color, age, economic class, place of origin, cohabitation status, alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse	Sex, sexual orientation, skin color, age, economic class, place of origin, cohabitation status, cigarette/tobacco use

Variable		Participants included in the analysis (%)	Participants not included in the analysis (%)	p-value
Sex		n=1,509	n=353	0.109
	Female	55.7	51.0
	Male	44.3	49.0
Gender identity		n=1,509	n=351	0.148
	Cisgender	89.9	87.2
	Transgender	10.1	12.8
Sexual orientation		n=1,509	n=345	0.935
	Heterosexual	75.3	75.1
	Homosexual, bisexual and asexual¹	24.7	24.9
Age (years)		n=1,509	n=343	0.064
	18-19	40.3	46.7
	20-24	42.5	36.2
	≥25	17.2	17.2
Skin color		n=1,509	n=354	0.144
	White	72.9	68.3
	Black	12.9	13.6
	Brown or other	14.2	18.1
Socioeconomic level		n=1,509	n=271	0.821
	A/B/C	59.1	59.8
	D/E	41.0	40.2
Place of origin		n=1,509	n=353	0.349
	Pelotas	45.1	49.3
	Other city of the state	35.1	33.1
	Other city of the country	19.8	17.6
Cohabitation status		n=1,509	n=352	0.003
	Living alone	12.3	13.9
	With parents	49.0	55.9
	With friends/colleagues	26.2	23.9
	With partner	12.5	6.3
Relationship status		n=1,509	n=356	<0.001
	No partner at moment	38.2	78.7
	Casual dating	16.8	8.4
	Dating	35.5	9.0
	Married	9.5	3.9
Cigarette/tobacco use		n=1,509	n=354	0.024
	Never smoked	72.4	78.2
	Current/Former smoker	27.6	21.8
Alcohol abuse		n=1,509	n=341	0.009
	Low risk	68.5	76.2
	Medium risk	15.4	13.5
	High risk	16.1	10.3

Variable		N (%)	Total IPV % (95%CI)	Psychological IPV % (95%CI)	Physical IPV % (95%CI)	Sexual IPV % (95%CI)
Sex			p=0.017	p=0.017	p=0.002	p=0.114
	Female	841 (55.7)	28.1 (25.1; 31.2)	25.9 (23.1; 29.0)	5.7 (4.3; 7.5)	3.5 (2.4; 4.9)
	Male	668 (44.3)	33.2 (29.8; 36.9)	31.0 (27.6; 34.6)	10.0 (7.9; 12.5)	2.3 (1.4; 3.7)
Age (years)			p=0.616	p=0.934	p=0.578	p=0.568
	18-19	608 (40.3)	30.1 (26.6; 33.9)	27.8 (24.4; 31.2)	8.3 (6.3; 10.8)	3.0 (1.9; 4.7)
	20-24	642 (42.5)	31.5 (28.0; 35.2)	29.7 (24.7; 31.5)	7.5 (5.7; 9.8)	3.3 (2.2; 5.0)
	≥25	259 (17.2)	28.2 (23.0; 34.0)	27.8 (22.7; 33.6)	6.2 (3.8; 9.9)	2.0 (0.8; 4.6)
Skin color			p=0.694	p=0.959	p=0.249	p=0.277
	White	1,101 (72.9)	30.3 (27.7; 33.1)	28.3 (25.7; 31.0)	8.0 (6.5; 9.7)	2.9 (2.1; 4.1)
	Black	194 (12.9)	28.4 (22.5; 35.1)	27.3 (21.5; 34.0)	4.7 (2.4; 8.7)	1.6 (0.5; 4.7)
	Brown/Other	214 (14.2)	32.2 (26.3; 38.8)	28.5 (22.9; 34.9)	8.5 (5.4; 13.0)	4.3 (2.2; 8.0)
Gender identity			p=0.872	p=0.971	p=0.428	p=0.824
	Cisgender	1,357 (89.9)	30.3 (27.9; 32.8)	28.2 (25.8; 30.6)	7.4 (6.1; 8.9)	3.0 (2.2; 4.0)
	Transgender	152 (10.1)	30.9 (24.1; 38.7)	28.3 (21.7; 36.0)	9.2 (5.5; 15.0)	2.7 (1.0; 6.8)
Sexual orientation			p=0.204	p=0.430	p=0.119	p=0.067
	Heterosexual	1,126 (75.3)	29.5 (26.9; 32.2)	27.6 (25.1; 30.3)	7.0 (5.6; 8.6)	2.5 (1.7; 3.6)
	Homosexual, bisexual and asexual ³	373 (24.7)	33.0 (28.4; 37.9)	29.8 (25.3; 34.6)	9.5 (6.9; 12.9)	4.3 (2.7; 7.0)
Socioeconomic level			p=0.684	p=0.637	p=0.591	p=0.212
	A/B/C	891 (59.0)	30.8 (27.8; 33.9)	28.6 (25.7; 31.7)	7.9 (6.3; 9.9)	2.5 (1.6; 3.7)
	D/E	618 (41.0)	29.8 (26.3; 33.5)	27.5 (24.1; 31.2)	7.2 (5.4; 9.5)	3.6 (2.4; 5.4)
Place of origin			p=0.840	p=0.439	p=0.837	p=0.013
	Pelotas	681 (45.1)	31.1 (27.8; 34.7)	29.5 (26.2; 33.1)	8.0 (6.1; 10.3)	3.5 (2.4; 5.2)
	Other city of the state	530 (35.1)	29.6 (25.9; 33.7)	27.9 (24.3; 31.9)	7.6 (5.6; 10.2)	1.3 (0.6; 2.8)
	Other city of the country ¹	298 (19.8)	29.9 (24.9; 35.3)	25.5 (20.9; 30.8)	6.8 (4.4; 10.2)	4.4 (2.6; 7.5)
Cohabitation status			p=0.454	p=0.712	p=0.531	p=0.553
	Living alone	185 (12.3)	27.0 (21.1; 33.9)	26.0 (20.1; 32.7)	6.6 (3.8; 11.2)	2.2 (0.8; 5.7)
	With parents	740 (49.0)	31.8 (28.5; 35.2)	29.5 (26.3; 32.8)	8.6 (6.7; 10.8)	3.4 (2.3; 5.0)
	With friends/colleagues	396 (26.2)	30.8 (26.5; 35.5)	27.5 (23.3; 32.1)	7.1 (4.9; 10.1)	3.1 (1.7; 5.3)
	With partner	188 (12.5)	27.1 (21.3; 33.9)	26.6 (20.8; 33.4)	5.9 (3.3; 10.3)	1.6 (0.5; 4.8)
Relationship status			p<0.001	p<0.001	p=0.003	p=0.117
	No partner at moment	577 (38.2)	23.4 (20.1; 27.0)	21.1 (18.0; 24.7)	7.0 (5.2; 9.4)	2.5 (1.5; 4.1)
	Casual dating	253 (16.8)	33.6 (28.0; 39.6)	29.6 (24.3; 35.6)	13.1 (9.5; 17.9)	5.2 (3.0; 8.7)
	Dating	535 (35.5)	36.1 (32.1; 40.2)	34.6 (30.7; 38.7)	5.8 (4.1; 8.1)	2.5 (1.3; 3.9)
	Married	144 (9.5)	31.3 (24.2; 39.3)	29.9 (23.0; 37.8)	6.9 (3.8; 12.4)	3.5 (1.5; 8.1)
Cigarette/tobacco use			p=0.071	p=0.274	p=0.226	p=0.042
	Never smoked	1,092 (72.4)	29.0 (26.4; 31.8)	27.4 (24.8; 30.1)	7.1 (5.7; 8.8)	2.4 (1.6; 3.5)
	Current/former smoker	417 (11.5)	33.8 (29.4; 38.5)	30.2 (26.0; 34.8)	8.9 (6.5; 12.1)	4.4 (2.8; 6.8)
Alcohol abuse ²			p=0.027	p=0.257	p<0.001	p=0.011
	Low risk	1,033 (68.5)	28.7 (26.0; 31.5)	27.4 (24.8; 30.2)	5.8 (4.6; 7.4)	2.1 (1.3; 3.1)
	Medium risk	233 (15.4)	30.5 (24.9; 36.7)	27.0 (21.7; 33.1)	8.6 (5.6; 13.0)	4.8 (2.7; 8.4)
	High risk	243 (16.1)	37.5 (31.6; 43.7)	32.5 (26.9; 38.7)	14.1 (10.3; 19.1)	5.0 (2.8; 8.6)

IPV type		N	Overall % (95%CI)	Sex		p- value¹
IPV type		N	Overall % (95%CI)	Female (n=821) % (95%CI)	Male (n=647) % (95%CI)
Total IPV		458	30,.4 (28.1; 32.7)	28,1 (25.1; 31.2)	33.2 (29.8; 36.9)	0,032
Psychological violence		425	28.2 (25.9; 30.5)	25.9 (23.1; 29.0)	31.0 (27.6; 34.6)	0.017
	Insulted, shouted or humiliated	247	16.5 (14.7; 18.5)	17.3 (14.9; 20.0)	15.7 (13.0; 18.5)	0.202
	Controlled social medias	215	14.3 (12.7; 16.2)	12.5 (10.4; 14.9)	16.7 (14.0; 19.7)	0.013
	Deprived you of doing something you liked/would like to do	210	14.0 (12.4; 15.9)	12.3 (10.3; 14.7)	16.2 (13.6; 19.2)	0.020
	Looked different or break things	87	5.8 (4.7; 7.1)	6.0 (4.5; 7.8)	5.6 (4.0; 7.6)	0.423
Physical violence		114	7.6 (6.4; 9.0)	5.7 (4.3; 7.5)	10.0 (7.9; 12.5)	0.002
	Pushed, scratched, pinched or pulled your hair	91	6.2 (5.1; 7.5)	4.7 (3.4; 6.3)	8.2 (6.3; 10.5)	0.004
	Broke or threw objects to hurt you	17	1.1 (0.7; 14.8)	0.7 (0.3; 1.6)	1.7 (0.9; 3.0)	0.071
	Punched, kicked or hit	32	2.1 (1.5; 3.0)	1.6 (0.9; 2.7)	2.9 (1.8; 4.4)	0.058
	Caused a cut, bruise or fracture	28	1.9 (1.3; 2.7)	2.2 (1.4; 3.4)	1.5 (0.8; 2.8)	0.238
Sexual violence		44	2.9 (2.2; 3.9)	3.5 (2.4; 4.9)	2.3 (1.4; 3.7)	0.114
	Forced to engage in any uncomfortable sexual practices or under the influence of alcohol or other drugs	35	2.4 (1.7; 3.3)	3.0 (2.0; 4.4)	1.5 (0.8; 2.8)	0.044
	Forced a sexual intercourse using physical force	13	1.0 (0.6; 1.7)	1.0 (0.5; 1.9)	1.1 (0.5; 2.2)	0.518

Variable		Total IPV OR (95%CI)	Psychological IPV OR (95%CI)	Physical IPV OR (95%CI)	Sexual IPV OR (95%CI)
Sex		p=0.030	p=0.030	p=0.003	p=0.179
	Female	1	1	1	1
	Male	1.18 (1.02; 1.38)	1.20 (1.02; 1.40)	1.74 (1.22; 2.49)	0.66 (0.35; 1.21)
Age (years)		p=0.620	p=0.934	p=0.582	p=0.577
	18-19	1	1	1	1
	20-24	1.05 (0.89; 1.23)	1.03 (0.86; 1.23)	0.91 (0.62; 1.33)	1.10 (0.59; 2.05)
	≥25	0.94 (0.74; 1.18)	1.00 (0.79; 1.26)	0.75 (0.44; 1.30)	0.66 (0.25; 1.75)
Skin color		p=0.695	p=0.959	p=0.268	p=0.292
	White	1	1	1	1
	Black	0.93 (0.73; 1.19)	0.97 (0.75; 1.24)	0.59 (0.30; 1.15)	0.53 (0.16; 1.72)
	Brown and Other	1.06 (0.86; 1.32)	1.01 (0.80; 1.27)	1.06 (0.65; 1.73)	1.45 (0.70; 2.99)
Gender identity ^a		p=0.938	p=0.962	p=0.505	p=0.863
	Cisgender	1	1	1	1
	Transgender	1.0 (0.79; 1.30)	0.99 (0.76; 1.29)	1.20 (0.70; 2.15)	0.91 (0.33; 2.53)
Socioeconomic level ^c		p=0.761	p=0.702	p=0.891	p=0.210
	A/B/C	1	1	1	1
	D/E	0.98 (0.83; 1.14)	0.97 (0.82; 1.15)	0.97 (0.68; 1.40)	1.47 (0.81; 2.67)
Sexual orientation ^b		p=0.141	p=0.296	p=0.054	p=0.133
	Heterosexual	1	1	1	1
	Homosexual, bisexual and asexual	1.14 (0.96; 1.35)	1.10 (0.92; 1.32)	1.45 (0.99; 2.12)	1.60 (0.87; 2.96)
Place of origin ^d		p=0.707	p=0.353	p=0.654	p=0.022
	Pelotas	1	1	1	1
	Other city of the state	0.94 (0.79; 1.12)	0.95 (0.79; 1.13)	0.92 (0.62; 1.36)	0.34 (0.15; 0.79)
	Other city of the country ¹	0.93 (0.75; 1.14)	0.84 (0.67; 1.06)	0.79 (0.47; 1.32)	1.21 (0.62; 2.36)
Cohabitation status ^e		p=0.891	p=0.811	p=0.783	p=0.645
	Living alone	1	1	1	1
	With parents	1.09 (0.81; 1.47)	1.18 (0.82; 1.51)	1.35 (0.69; 2.66)	1.36 (0.47; 3.91)
	With friends/colleagues	1.10 (0.81; 1.47)	1.11 (0.83; 1.49)	1.14 (0.58; 2.22)	1.16 (0.37; 3.67)
	With partner	1.01 (0.70; 1.45)	1.01 (0.70; 1.45)	1.05 (0.45; 2.44)	0.67 (0.19; 2.44)
Relationship status ^f		p<0.001	p<0.001	p=0.005	p=0.076
	No partner at moment	1	1	1	1
	Casual dating	1.43 (1.14; 1.80)	1.41 (1.10; 1.80)	1.90 (1.23; 2.94)	2.07 (1.01; 4.26)
	Dating	1.58 (1.31; 1.91)	1.68 (1.38; 2.04)	0.85 (0.54; 1.34)	0.88 (0.40; 1.91)
	Married	1.41 (1.04; 1.91)	1.42 (1.03; 1.96)	1.08 (0.56; 2.08)	1.84 (0.66; 5.13)
Cigarette/tobacco use ^g		p=0.329	p=0.500	p=0.852	p=0.084
	Never smoked	1	1	1	1
	Current/Former smoker	1.09 (0.92; 1.30)	1.07 (0.88; 1.29)	0.96 (0.65; 1.43)	1.45 (0.79; 2.69)
Alcohol abuse ^h		p=0.018	p=0.109	p<0.001	p=0.064
	Low risk	1	1	1	1
	Medium risk	1.06 (0.85; 1.32)	0.99 (0.78; 1.26)	1.38 (0.86; 2.22)	2.08 (1.05; 4.09)
	High risk	1.34 (1.09; 1.63)	1.26 (1.01; 1.57)	2.31 (1.53; 3.48)	1.82 (0.90; 3.68)

Variable		One type of IPV RRR ¹ (95%CI)		Two or more types of IPV RRR ¹ (95%CI)
Sex			p=0.046
	Female	1		1
	Male	1.20 (0.94; 1.54)		1.55 (1.05; 2.29)
Age (years)			p=0.720
	18-19	1		1
	20-24	1.13 (0.86; 1.47)		0.88 (0.58; 1.35)
	≥25	0.92 (0.64; 1.32)		0.89 (0.51; 1.56)
Skin color			p=0.581
	White	1		1
	Black	1.03 (0.71; 1.49)		0.57 (0.28; 1.16)
	Brown and Other	1.10 (0.77; 1.56)		1.03 (0.60; 1.79)
Gender identity ^a			p=0.985
	Cisgender	1		1
	Transgender	0.97 (0.65; 1.46)		1.03 (0.55; 1.94)
Socioeconomic level ^c			p=0.974
	A/B/C	1		1
	D/E	0.97 (0.75; 1.25)		0.98 (0.65; 1.47)
Sexual orientation ^b			p=0.181
	Heterosexual	1		1
	Homosexual, bisexual and asexual	1.13 (0.85; 1.50)		1.48 (0.96; 2.28)
Place of origin ^d			p=0.240
	Pelotas	1		1
	Other city of the state	1.00 (0.76; 1.33)		0.69 (0.44; 1.07)
	Another city of the country ²	1.04 (0.74; 1.45)		0.55 (0.30; 0.99)
Cohabitation status ^e			p=0.923
	Living alone	1		1
	With parents	1.30 (0.82; 2.05)		1.10 (0.53; 2.28)
	With friends/colleagues	1.25 (0.81; 1.95)		1.12 (0.54; 2.34)
	With partner	1.07 (0.62; 1.86)		0.94 (0.39; 2.30)
Relationship status ^f			p≤0.001
	No partner at moment	1		1
	Casual dating	1.45 (0.99; 2.12)		2.37 (1.42; 4.00)
	Dating	2.23 (1.66; 2.99)		1.13 (0.69; 1.90)
	Married	1.68 (1.02; 2.75)		1.43 (0.67; 3.05)
Cigarette/tobacco use ^g			p=0.617
	Never smoked	1		1
	Current/Former smoker	1.16 (0.86; 1.55)		1.03 (0.65; 1.62)
Alcohol abuse ^h			p=0.009
	Low risk	1		1
	Medium risk	0.98 (0.68; 1.41)		1.51 (0.87; 2.60)
	High risk	1.30 (0.90; 1.86)		2.52 (1.51; 4.21)

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[1] Chief editors:

Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo, Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva