| Linares et al.18 (2013) |
New York, U.S.A. |
N = 40 Females (14-17 years). Low-income population |
To identify the relationship between history of sexual abuse and the perpetration of dating violence with changes in cortisol patterns before and after a stressor. |
| Cook et al.17 (2012) |
Northeast of the United States |
N = 175 Males and females (14-16years) Age average = 15.4 years Low-income population |
To examine the relationship between the physiological response of adolescents to an acute laboratory stressor, anger management and interpersonal competence. |
| Saxbe et al.21 (2012) |
United States |
N = 54 Males and females Age average = 15.2 years |
To identify whether the history of family violence is associated with changes in cortisol levels. |
| Peckins et al.22 (2012) |
United States |
N = 124 Males and females (8-13 years) |
To examine the impact of exposure to violence with cortisol reactivity in adolescents with no mental health or history of ill-treatment problems. |
| Victoroff et al.25 (2011) |
Gaza Territory, Palestine |
N = 52 Males (14 years) Poverty areas |
To examine the association between daytime cortisol levels and political-religious assault. |
| Harkness et al.19 (2011) |
Ontario, Canada |
N = 71 Males and females (12-21 years) Average age = 15.39 years |
To examine the relationship between child maltreatment, severity of depression and its relation to cortisol reactivity. |
|
Reference (year of publication)
|
Methodology (Tools/Collection of cortisol)
|
Cortisol analysis
|
Results
|
| Linares et al.18 (2013) |
Subjects divided into 2 groups regarding exposure to sexual abuse. Measurement of the level of cortisol (saliva) at rest and after watching a video involving a situation of violence among teenage couples. Six saliva samples were collected in two phases: three before and three after the presentation of the vignette, with identical intervals between the samples. Collection in the afternoon. |
Fluorescent immunoassay. Duplicate tests and mean values were used. |
Higher reactivity of cortisol in victims of childhood sexual abuse and violence in comparison between groups who suffered violence or not. |
| Cook et al.17 (2012) |
Structured questionnaire on childhood violence, interpersonal relations, among others and interview. Application of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Seven collections of saliva samples: 40 minutes before the TSST, one just before the start of the test, another just after and three more every 15 minutes. Collection in the afternoon. |
Enzyme immunoassay. Duplicate tests. |
History of family violence in childhood was associated with higher levels of cortisol. |
| Saxbe et al.21 (2012) |
Structured questionnaire on family violence, antisocial behavior, among other topics and simulation of family discussion. Collection of five saliva samples, one before the simulation and four after the simulation. Collection in the afternoon. |
Enzymatic immunoassay, with the lower limit of 0.003lμg / dl. Duplicate and repeated tests if any pair of results differed more than 7%. |
Decreased levels of cortisol in young people with a history of family violence and during family conflict simulations. Increased cortisol in young people from families with no history of assault during family conflict simulations. |
| Peckins et al.22 (2012) |
Structured questionnaire on violence and mental health. Application of TSST. Five 4ml-saliva samples were collected: two before TSST, another during the application of the test and two more after. Collection in the afternoon. |
Enzyme immunoassay. Duplicate tests and mean values were used. |
Decreased levels of cortisol in boys with a history of exposure to violence, without variation in relation to girls. |
| Victoroff et al.25 (2011) |
Structured questionnaires on violence, depression, political views and anxiety. Collection of 5ml morning saliva. Four samples, one per week. Collection in the morning. |
Modified enzyme radioimmunoassay. Sensitivity 2pg / ml |
No evidence of association between cortisol levels and religious-political assault was found. |
| Harkness et al.19 (2011) |
Application of TSST. Five saliva samples: two before TSST application, one soon after and two more after an interval of one hour. Collection in the afternoon |
Enzyme immunoassay. Duplicate tests. Samples with coefficients of variation greater than or equal to 15% were repeated. |
A history of childhood maltreatment associated with higher levels of cortisol. Greater reactivity to cortisol in coping with stressful situations. Increased levels of cortisol in adolescents with mild / moderate depression. Decreased cortisol levels in moderate / severe depression. |
|
Reference (year of publication)
|
Study location
|
Sample
|
Objectives
|
| MacMillan et al.15 (2009) |
Ontario, Canada |
N = 67 Females (12-16 years). Control Group = 25 adolescents, matched by age and place of residence. |
To examine differences between participants who are victims of violence and those not exposed to this event through cortisol level assessment. |
| Suglia et al.16 (2009) |
Boston, U.S.A. |
N = 43 Males and females (7-13 years) |
To examine the influence of community violence victimization and cortisol response |
| Ivarsson et al.23 (2009) |
Stockholm, Sweden |
N = 21 Males Average age = 13.3 years |
To investigate whether (violent and non-violent) videogames affect cortisol levels. |
| Kliewer24 (2006) |
Richmond, U.S.A. |
N = 101 Males and females Average age = 11,14 years Low-income population |
To investigate the physiological cost of exposure to violence in African American adolescents living in violent areas. |
| Murali & Chen20 (2005) |
St .Louis, U.S.A, |
N = 115 Males and females (16-19 years, average of 16.85 years) |
To investigate the influence of exposure of violence to cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses. |
| Young et al.14 (2004) |
Michigan, U.S.A. |
N = 632 Females (18-54 years) Single mothers. Low-income population |
To assess cortisol and associated response with childhood abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. |
|
Reference (year of publication)
|
Methodology (Tools/Collection of cortisol)
|
Cortisol analysis
|
Results
|
| MacMillan et al.15 (2009) |
Application of TSST. Six samples were collected: three before TSST and three after. Collection in the afternoon. |
Enzyme immunoassay. Duplicate tests. |
The control group evidenced increased cortisol levels after the test. An attenuated response to cortisol levels was noted among those who suffered violence. |
| Suglia et al.16 (2009) |
Three days of saliva collection. Four saliva samples, one on awakening, one at lunch, one before dinner, and one before bedtime. Collection throughout the day. |
Enzymatic radioimmunoassay. The sensitivity limit was 8 × 10-4pmol / l for all samples. |
Victims of community violence with greater posttraumatic stress symptoms evidence higher cortisol levels, especially in the afternoon and evening samples, even when adjusted for gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status. |
| Ivarsson et al.23 (2009) |
Four samples were collected, two during the game session, and two on awakening. Collection throughout the day. |
Enzyme immunoassay. |
There are no significant changes in cortisol in violent or non-violent game players |
| Kliewer24 (2006) |
Three samples taken: one before a film screening, one after and the last just after 20 minutes. Collection in the morning. |
Enzyme immunoassay. Sensitivity of 0.007μg / dL. |
Cortisol levels found were low. In boys, witnessing more violent acts was associated with a reduced cortisol response on awakening, while in girls showed an increase. The average profile of cortisol found in boys is greater than that of girls. |
| Murali & Chen20 (2005) |
Interviews on exposure to violence. One saliva collection after the interview. Collection in the afternoon. |
Enzyme immunoassay. Sensitivity of 0.43 nM and a coefficient of variation of less than 10% |
History of maltreatment in childhood was associated with higher levels of cortisol in both genders. |
| Young et al.14 (2004) |
3 5 ml-saliva samples collected on awakening, 30 minutes after awakening and at bedtime. One sample was taken at another time. Collection throughout the day. |
Enzymatic radioimmunoassay. Samples with results greater than 2 μg / dL were discarded. |
Recent trauma has led to increased cortisol. |
