Productivity costs among people involved in traffic accidents

Cardoso, Jefferson Paixão; Mota, Eduardo Luiz Andrade; Ferreira, Luciano Nery; Rios, Polianna Alves Andrade

doi:10.1590/1413-81232020252.15232018

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FREE THEMES • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 25 (2) • Feb 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020252.15232018 copy

Productivity costs among people involved in traffic accidents

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This paper aimed to characterize the productivity costs of people involved in traffic accidents (TA) in a medium-sized municipality. A longitudinal household-based study was conducted from 2013 to 2015. During this period, individuals with TA were interviewed, and followed-up and costs of productivity were calculated. The measured and estimated values were considered for the calculation of the gross and per capita values and facilitated the establishment of costs of lost productivity (days off work) and costs of return to productivity (health professionals, medication, transportation, auxiliary devices and vehicle repair). It was shown that the costs of loss were more significant against the costs of return. Among the items that underpin the return to productivity, higher costs were observed in men, young adults, drivers, users of two-wheeled vehicles, people with public employment relationships, intermediate age groups and fracture-type injuries. It is necessary to evaluate and target the stages of recovery of those involved to minimize the social burden generated by these events.

Key words
Traffic accidents; Costs and cost analysis; Efficiency

Characteristics	With cost		Without cost
Characteristics	n	%	n	%
Gender	111		81
Female Male	35 76	31.5 68.5	30 51	37.0 63.0
Age group (years)	111		81
18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69	43 28 18 17 5	38.7 25.3 16.2 15.3 4.5	23 21 14 16 7	28.4 25.9 17.3 19.7 8.7
Mean	36.5		39.3
Standard deviation	1.30		1.57
Marital status	111		81
Married / common-law marriage	64	57.7	51	62.9
Divorced / separated / widowed	2	1.8	9	11.2
Single	45	40.5	21	25.9
Schooling	111		81
Higher education Secondary school Up to primary school	20 66 25	18.0 59.5 22.5	24 43 14	29.6 53.1 17.3
Income (Minimum Wages)	111		81
No income < 1 1-3 3-6 > 6	3 8 70 25 5	2.7 7.2 63.1 22.5 4.5	1 16 31 25 8	1.2 19.7 38.3 30.9 9.9
Road user type	111		81
Pedestrian Driver Passenger	2 94 15	1.8 84.7 13.5	--- 62 19	--- 76.5 23.5
Vehicle user type^* * p < 0.05.	111		81
Pedestrian Two-wheeled vehicle Four-wheeled vehicle and over	2 66 43	1.8 59.5 38.7	--- 19 62	--- 23.5 76.5

Characteristics	With cost		Without cost
Characteristics	n	%	n	%
Employment relationship^* * p < 0.05.	111		81
Retired Public Private No relationship/unemployed	2 24 58 27	1.8 21.6 52.3 24.3	8 25 23 25	9.9 30.8 28.4 30.9
Vehicle to travel to work	111		81
Yes No	63 5	92.6 7.4	32 9	78.1 21.9
Vehicle as a work instrument^* * p < 0.05.	111		81
Yes No	44 64	39.6 60.4	1 80	1.2 98.8
Health plan
Yes No	52 59	46.8 53.2	47 34	58.0 42.0
Type of bodily injury^(a)^* * p < 0.05.	111		80
No bodily injury	44	39.6	67	83.7
Only C/L	34	30.6	11	13.8
Sprain only	7	3.3	---	---
Fracture only	6	5.4	---	---
C/L + Sprain	7	6.3	2	2.5
C/L + Fracture	7	6.3	---	---
Sprain + Fracture	4	3.6	---	---
Patient with multiple injuries	2	1.8	---	---
Number of injured bodily parts	67		14
1 part	28	41.8	7	50.0
2 parts	21	31.3	4	28.6
3 or more parts	18	26.9	3	21.4

	Costs of loss		Costs of return		Costs of productivity (total)
	GC^* * GC = Gross Cost / PC = per capita.	PC^* * GC = Gross Cost / PC = per capita.	GC^* * GC = Gross Cost / PC = per capita.	PC^* * GC = Gross Cost / PC = per capita.	GC^* * GC = Gross Cost / PC = per capita.	PC^* * GC = Gross Cost / PC = per capita.
Gender^† † Value of p<0.05 in gender and costs of return; Vehicle used as a work instrument and costs of return; Type of injury and costs of loss; Type of injury and costs of return.
Female	36,528	1,588	12,211	452	48,739	1,572
Male	135,558	2,766	105,476	1,574	241,035	3,443
Age group (years)^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
18-29	45,858	1,529	26,973	729	72,831	1,867
30-39	55,059	3,059	53,919	2,247	108,978	4,191
40-49	66,975	5,151	23,38	1,949	90,359	6,024
50-59	3,045	380	6,481	405	9,526	595
60-69	1,150	383	6,931	1,386	8,081	1,616
Road user type^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Pedestrian	1,656	828	830	415	2,486	1,243
Driver	151,966	2,533	99,993	1,266	251,959	2,930
Passenger	18,464	1,846	16,865	1,297	35,329	2,718
Vehicle user type(a)^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Two wheels	142,914	2,696	34,759	589	177,673	2,820
Four or more wheels	27,516	1,619	82,090	2,488	109,615	3,045
Type of relationship^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Retired	389	194	459	229	848	424
Public	64,670	3,804	52,210	2,748	116,880	5,313
Private	92,825	2,264	44,427	871	137,252	2,590
No relationship/unemployed	14,202	1,183	20,592	936	34,794	1,450
Vehicle used as a work instrument^† † Value of p<0.05 in gender and costs of return; Vehicle used as a work instrument and costs of return; Type of injury and costs of loss; Type of injury and costs of return.
Yes	34,524	2,031	82,432	2,424	116,957	3,249
No	137,562	2,501	35,255	588	172,818	2,659
Income (MW)(b)^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
No income	---	---	218	73	218	72
Up to 3	86,620	1,575	39,506	581	126,125	1,752
3-6	80,292	5,735	75,680	3,982	155,972	7,427
> 6	5,176	1,725	2,283	571	7,459	1,492
Health plan^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Yes	95,023	2,795	70,155	1,559	165,179	3,371
No	77,064	2,208	47,532	970	124,596	2,396
Type of injury(c)^† † Value of p<0.05 in gender and costs of return; Vehicle used as a work instrument and costs of return; Type of injury and costs of loss; Type of injury and costs of return.
No bodily injury	8,286	552	68,284	2,069	76,570	2,127
Only C/L	16,336	605	12,499	417	28,835	874
Sprain only	7,119	605	3,096	516	10,215	1,702
Fracture only	36,313	6,052	7,424	1,237	43,737	7,289
C/L + Sprain	3,030	505	1,735	289	4,766	681
C/L + Fracture	83,534	11,933	19,862	2,837	103,367	14,771
Sprain + Fracture	14,924	3,374	4,406	1,101	19,329	4,832
Patient with multiple injuries	2,544	1,272	381	190	2,925	1,463
Number of injured bodily parts(d) ^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
1 part	62,946	2,737	13,894	534	76,840	2,846
2 parts	89,303	4,961	30,547	1,527	119,850	5,707
3 or more parts	11,552	722	4,962	331	16,514	971

	Professionals R$ 17,091 (14.5%)	Medication R$ 5,819 (4.9%)	Transportation R$ 12,422 (10.6%)	Devices R$ 2,756 (2.4%)	Repair R$ 79,597 (67.6%)
Gender^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Female	295	112	295	308	519
Male	310	136	465	152	3,002
Age group (years)^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
18-29	133	80	229	180	2,374
30-39	416	156	206	162	6,148
40-49	737	289	504	288	2,655
50-59	168	47	95	---	728
60-69	162	114	1.603	---	616
Road user type^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Pedestrian	310	76	59	---	---
Driver	342	139	442	173	2,465
Passenger	118	103	331	510	6,519
Vehicle user type(a) ^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Two-wheeled	335	134	322	203	582
Four-wheeled or more	132	116	755	118	3,568
Type of relationship^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Retired	157	114	32	---	---
Public	414	206	460	255	20,146
Private	284	121	508	180	1,379
No relationship/unemployed	257	70	77	118	1,566
Vehicle used as a work instrument^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
Yes	215	71	52	---	2,745
No	322	144	486	197	---
Income (MW)(b) ^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
No income	44	35	95	---	---
Up to 3	275	97	444	205	737
3-6	395	290	468	178	8,127
> 6	685	81	89	---	287
Health plan^† † Value of p < 0.05 in health plan and costs with health professionals; Type of injury and costs with medication.
Yes	554	170	301	182	3,515
No	73	100	543	217	2,119
Type of injury(c)^† † Value of p < 0.05 in health plan and costs with health professionals; Type of injury and costs with medication.
No bodily injury	167	102	118	---	3,145
Only C/L	159	49	645	24	524
Sprain only	342	49	46	237	924
Fracture only	660	224	389	212	---
C/L + Sprain	184	89	118	166	---
C/L + Fracture	489	406	919	216	9,482
Sprain + Fracture	694	183	246	333	---
Patient with multiple injuries	58	218	---	46	---
Number of injured bodily parts(d) ^‡ ‡ No statistical significance.
1 part	272	138	263	202	344
2 parts	510	162	791	204	5,203
3 or more parts	161	82	70	118	705

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[1] Collaborations

JP Cardoso contributed to the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of results, discussion and final writing. ELA Mota contributed to the study design, critical revision of the manuscript and revision of the final version. PAA Rios and LN Ferreira collaborated with the study design, data collection, discussion and revision of the final version.