Fisher et al., 20042727 Fisher MA, Gilbert GH, Shelton BJ. A cohort study found racial differences in dental insurance, utilization, and the effect of care on quality of life. J Clin Epi Demiol 2004; 57(8):853-857. |
USA |
Cohort study |
873 non-institutional individuals |
Access to dental service/age/gender/race/income/number of teeth |
Oral disadvantage: gum disease, sensitive tooth (hot and/or cold) or dental disease. |
Interview and application of a structured questionnaire. |
Whites were more likely to seek dental services than blacks. Among patients with severe periodontitis, white patients had more successful treatments. |
Chavers et al., 20073131 Chavers LS, Gilbert GH, Shelton BJ. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in oral disadvantage, a measure of oral health-related quality of life: 24-month incidence. J Public Health Dent 2007; 62(3):140-147. |
USA |
Cohort study |
873 people |
Dental care, demographic factors and socioeconomic factors |
Oral disadvantage |
Data were extracted from a prospective longitudinal study on oral health and dental care. |
There are significant differences in the incidence of oral disadvantages based on the approach to dental care, race, gender, area of residence, level of formal education, and financial status. |
Jimenez et al., 20093232 Jimenez M, Dietrich T, Shih MC, Li Y, Joshipura KJ. Racial/ethnic variations in associations between soci-oeconomic factors and tooth loss. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009; 37(3):267-275. |
USA |
Cross-sectional study |
16,821 people |
Race/education/poverty income index/occupation, dental insurance/use of dental care/medical insurance/gender/region of residence/foreign origin. |
Tooth loss |
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) - Clinical examination and interviews.
|
The association between the number of missing teeth and socioeconomic factors was attenuated among blacks and Mexican Americans, when compared to whites in this study population. |
Guiotoku et al., 201211 Guiotoku SK, Moysés ST, Moysés SJ, França BH, Bisinelli JC. Racial inequity in oral health in Brazil. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2012; 31(2):135-141. |
Brazil |
Step 1: Cross-sectional study Step 2: Ecological study |
12,811 adults of both sexes aged 35 to 44. In a second moment, in an attempt to contextualize inequities, we started working with a group of 6,918 black and brown people. |
Step 1: Average family income (in US dollars) and education (in years of study), access to the dentist and race/skin color. Step 2: average family income, human development index (HDI) and Gini index (IGini). |
Stage 1: Caries (DMFT index), tooth loss, previous edentulism, dental pain, need for prosthesis and access to a dentist. Stage 2: average DMFT, average number of missing teeth and prevalence of previous edentulism, dental pain, and need for prosthesis, aggregated by state. |
Secondary data from the SB Brazil 2002-2003 national survey. The oral examination was carried out at home by calibrated examiners. |
Significant differences were observed between race/color groups for all outcomes studied. Racial inequities in oral health were evident in Brazil, with greater vulnerability of the black population (blacks and browns) in relation to whites. |
Antunes et al., 20132525 Antunes JLF, Toporcov TN, Biazevic MGH, Boing AF, Bastos J L. Gender and racial inequalities in trends of oral cancer mor-tality in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2013; 47(3):470-478. |
Brazil |
Ecological study |
8,505 people living in the city of São Paulo who died from oral cancer |
Race, black skin color/male gender |
Oral cancer |
Mortality and Census Information System 2000. |
The oral cancer death rate doubled for black men from 2003-2009 |
Bruno et al., 20132121 Bruno IF, Rosa JAA, Melo CM, Oliveira CCC. Avaliação da doença periodontal em adultos na população quilombola. Interfaces Cien Saude Ambiente 2013; 1(2):33-39. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
29 quilombola individuals |
Race, black skin color |
Oral Lesions/Periodontal Disease |
Community Periodontal Index (CPI) |
A high prevalence of periodontal disease was found (75.86%) in quilombolas. |
Celeste et al., 20132323 Celeste RK, Gonçalves LG, Faerstein E, Bastos JL. The role of potential mediators in racial inequalities in tooth loss: the Pró-Saúde study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013; 41(6):509-516. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
2,791 employees from a university campus in Rio de Janeiro |
Behavioral markers/Self-reported discrimination/race |
Self-reported tooth loss |
Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire |
After adjustment, black people had an odds ratio of being in a higher category of missing teeth equal to 1.39 (95%CI 1.12-1.72), and brown people, 1.33 (95%CI 1.10-1.60), when compared to whites. |
Figueiredo et al., 20161919 Figueiredo MC, Benvegnú BP, Silveira PPL, Silva A M, Silva KVCL. Saúde bucal e indicadores socioeconômicos de comunidades quilombolas rural e urbana do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Rev Fac Odontol Lins 2016; 26(2):61-73. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
120 quilombola individuals |
Quilombola community and water fluoridation |
Oral health condition |
Structured questionnaire and periodontal examination, in addition to collecting drinking water |
Wide prevalence of cavities, as well as tooth loss, with a higher rate associated with the rural quilombola community. |
Bidinotto et al., 20171313 Bidinotto AB, D'Ávila OP, Martins AB, Hugo FN, Neutzling MB, Bairros FS, Hilgert JB. Autopercepção de saúde bucal em comunidades quilombolas no Rio Grande do Sul: um estudo transversal exploratório. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2017; 20(1):91-101. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
583 individuals belonging to the Quilombola community |
Race, black skin color, low income |
Negative self-rated oral health |
Application of a structured questionnaire. |
Negative self-rated oral health was reported by 313 (53.1%) individuals. Satisfaction with appearance and chewing is a factor associated with quilombolas' self-rated oral health. |
Nazer and Sabbah, 20182828 Nazer FW, Sabbah W. Do Socioeconomic Conditions Explain Ethnic Inequalities in Tooth Loss among US Adults? Ethn Dis 2004; 28(3):201-206. |
USA |
Cross-sectional study |
76,273 participants over 40 years old |
Black/Hispanic/Other |
Tooth loss |
Use of secondary data. Application of a structured questionnaire over the telephone. |
African Americans are more likely to have tooth loss than other ethnic groups. The significant association between ethnicity and tooth loss persisted even after adjusting for socioeconomic position. |
Sandes et al., 20181818 Sandes LFF, Freitas DA, Souza MFN. Oral health of elderly people living in a rural community of slave descendants in Brazil. Cad Saude Colet 2018; 26(4):425-431. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
669 quilombolas, aged 65 to 74 years, living in 33 rural quilombola communities spread across 20 different municipalities |
Socioeconomic conditions/use of dental services |
Oral health condition |
Interviews and examinations were carried out |
The quilombolas analyzed choose to seek dental care only in cases of pain or extraction. Precarious oral health conditions, high rate of edentulism. Most elderly people reported being unhappy with their own oral health status. |
Han, 20193030 Han C. Oral health disparities: Racial, language and nativity effects. SSM Popul Health 2019; 12:e100711. |
USA |
Cross-sectional study |
12,307 adults |
Education/household income/demographics |
Visits to the dentist/ |
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) |
Non-Hispanic blacks report worse self-rated oral health than non-Hispanic whites |
Celeste et al., 20192424 Celeste RK, Oliveira SC, Junges R. Threshold-effect of income on periodontitis and interactions with race/ethnicity and education. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2019; 14;22:e190001. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
9,779 individuals aged 35 to 44 |
Income/education/race |
Periodontitis |
Interview and oral examination |
Higher income and education were associated with a decreased prevalence of moderate to severe periodontitis. There were no significant interactions between income and race or education, nor between race and education, nor between race and periodontitis. |
Araújo et al., 20202020 Araújo RLMDS, Araújo EMD, Miranda SS, Chaves JN, Araújo JAD. Extrações dentárias autorrelatadas e fatores associados em comunidades quilombolas do Semiárido baiano. Epidemiol Serv Saude Ambiente 2020; 29(2):e2018428. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
864 quilombola individuals |
Socioeconomic and demographic variables and health conditions variables |
Tooth loss |
Application of a structured questionnaire. |
The majority of quilombolas in the semi-arid region of Bahia reported losing at least one tooth due to extraction, and those who reported having tooth decay were more likely to have a tooth extracted. |
Schuch et al., 202144 Schuch HS, Haag DG, Smith JL, Paradies Y, Jamieson LM. Intersectionality, racial discrimination and oral health in Australia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2021; 49(1):87-94. |
Australia |
Cross-sectional study |
2,798 individuals |
Perceived racial discrimination/income/education |
Compromised oral health |
Based on data from the National Dental Telephone Interview Survey. |
Perceived racial discrimination is associated with oral health problems, and this relationship is socially standardized. |
Miranda et al.,20212222 Miranda LP, Oliveira TL, Queiroz PDSF, Oliveira PSD, Fagundes LS, Rodrigues Neto JF. Saúde bucal e acesso aos serviços odontológicos em idosos quilombolas: um estudo de base populacional. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol 2020; 23(2):e200146. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study |
406 quilombola elderly people |
Sociodemographic characteristics of quilombola elderly people |
Access to dental services |
Structured interviews and clinical dental examinations. |
Quilombola elderly people had precarious oral health conditions and had restricted access to dental services. Elderly people had greater difficulty accessing dental health services. |
Muralikrishnan and Sabbah, 20212929 Muralikrishnan M, Sabbah W. Is Racial Discrimination Associated with Number of Missing Teeth Among American Adults? J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 8(5):1293-1299. |
USA |
Cross-sectional study |
4,858 individuals |
Racial discrimination |
Tooth loss |
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2014 |
This study demonstrated a potential role for discrimination in tooth loss among American adults. Discrimination could also explain part of the ethnic inequalities in oral health. |
Karam et al., 20222626 Karam SA, Schuch HS, Demarco FF, Barros FC, Horta, BL, Correa MB. Social and racial inequity in self-rated oral health in adults in Southern Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2022; 38(3):e00136921. |
Brazil |
Cross-sectional study resulting from a cohort |
537 individuals |
Social and racial inequalities |
Oral health self-assessment |
Oral Health Study (OHS) |
The results of this study demonstrate racial disparities in oral health regardless of income and education. Furthermore, negative self-rated oral health was identified as being more prevalent among participants belonging to racial/skin color minorities. |