6 Hinduja & Patchin, 2020 |
USA |
Survey |
2,218 American middle and high school students |
12-17 |
MCS; |
7 Taylor et al., 2019 |
Brasil and Honduras |
Interviews |
147 (65 female, 82 males) |
14-24 |
MCS; |
9 Brown et al., 2021 |
Australia |
Survey |
527 (245 males, 278 females) |
16-24 |
MCS; HT; SC |
12 UNICEF, 2019 |
Brasil |
Qualitative analysis of online interactions and survey |
Online interactions 100 adolescent girls Surveys 14,000 adolescent girls |
13-18 |
HT; |
28 Campeiz et al., 2020 |
Brasil |
Focus groups & semi-structured interviews |
Focus groups: 39 adolescents (25 females, 14 males) Interviews: 15 adolescents (6 males, 9 females) |
15-18 |
MCS; |
29 Mackenzie & Mackay, 2019 |
Australia |
in-depth semi-structured interviews |
10 women |
16-65 |
MCS; SC |
30 Brown et al., 2020 |
Australia |
semi-structured discussion groups |
38 youths (23 women, 15 men) |
16-24 |
MCS; HT; SC |
41 Branson & March, 2021 |
Australia, USA, UK |
Survey |
817 (78.2% women) |
18-73 |
HT; |
42 Lara, 2020 |
Chile |
Survey |
1,538 high school and university students (59.5% females) |
14-24 |
MCS; |
44 Van Ouytsel et al., 2020 |
Belgium |
Survey |
446 secondary school students (71.0% girls, n = 331) |
16-22 |
MCS; |
48 Cecchetto et al., 2016 |
Brasil |
Focus groups, interviews |
257 adolescent boys (21 interviews, 236 focus groups) |
15-19 |
HT; SC |
49 Oliveira et al., 2011 |
Brasil |
Surveys, focus groups & semi-structured interviews |
3,205 high school students (surveys) 519 adolescents (262 girls, 257 boys) participated in focus groups or interviews |
15-19 |
MCS; HT; SC |
50 Aghtaie et al., 2018 |
Bulgaria, Cyprus, England, Italy and Norway |
Semi-structured interviews |
91 young people (67 females, 24 males) |
13-18 |
MCS; |
51 Lucero et al., 2014 |
USA |
Focus groups |
23 teens (10 males, 13 females high school sophomores) |
N/A |
MCS; SC |
52 Hellevik, 2019 |
Norway |
Semi-structured in-depth interviews |
14 teenagers (12 girls, 2 boys) |
15-18 |
MCS; HT; SC |
53 Reed et al., 2021 |
USA |
Survey with quantitative and qualitative analysis |
703 (54.4% girls, 44.7%. boys, and 6 participants identifying with another gender expression) |
13-19 |
MCS; |
54 Stonard et al., 2017 |
UK |
Focus groups |
52 adolescents (22 males, 30 females) |
12-18 |
MCS; |
55 Chung, 2005 |
Australia |
Interviews |
44 young people (25 females, 15 males) |
15-19 |
MCS; |
56 Chung, 2007 |
Australia |
Semi-structured interviews |
25 young women |
14-18 |
MCS; HT; |
57 Hobbs, 2022 |
Australia |
Semi-structured interviews |
17 young people (15 female, 1 male, genderqueer) 20 professionals working with young people aged 12-17 |
18-25 |
MCS; HT; SC |
58 Campeiz et al., 2020 |
Brasil |
Focus groups & semi-structured interviews |
Focus groups: 39 adolescents (25 females, 14 males) Interviews: 15 adolescents (6 males, 9 females) |
15-18 |
MCS; |
59 Campeiz, 2018 |
Brasil |
Focus groups & semi-structured interviews |
Focus groups: 39 adolescents (25 females, 14 males) Interviews: 15 adolescents (6 males, 9 females) |
15-18 |
MCS; SC |
60 Instituto Avon/Data Popular, 2014 |
Brasil |
Online self-completion survey |
2,046 young people (1,029 women, 1,017 men) |
16-24 |
MCS; HT; SC |
61 Nascimento & Cordeiro, 2011 |
Brasil |
semi-structured interviews |
22 young people and young adults (14 women, 8 men) |
18-29 |
MCS; |
62 Ribeiro et al, 2011 |
Brasil |
Surveys, focus groups & semi-structured interviews |
3,205 high school students (surveys) 519 adolescents (262 girls, 257 boys) participated in focus groups or interviews |
15-19 |
MCS; |
63 Boen & Lopes, 2019 |
Brasil |
Survey |
205 university students (140 females) |
18-58 |
MCS; |
64 Taylor et al., 2017 |
Brasil and Honduras |
Interviews |
147 (65 female, 82 males) |
14-24 |
MCS; HT; |
65 Carvalhaes & Cárdenas, 2021 |
Brasil |
Observation & in-depth interviews |
3 young women and 3 young men (interview) |
18-24 |
MCS; |
68 Zweig et al., 2013 |
USA |
Survey |
3,745 7th to 12th grade youths (1,765 males, 1,956 females) |
N/A |
MCS; |
69 Barter et al., 2015 |
England, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Italy, Norway |
Expert workshops, school-based surveys with young people, semi-structured interviews with young people, App development |
Survey 4,564 Interviews 100 (67 young women, 24 young men) |
14-17 |
MCS; HT; |
70 Ferriani et al., 2019 |
Brasil |
Focus groups and semi-structured interviews |
Focus groups 16 students (9 females, 7 males) Interviews 7 students (3 females, 4 males) |
16-17 |
MCS; |
72 Henry et al., 2019 |
Australia |
Stakeholder consultation, legislative analysis, national survey |
National survey 4,274 (2,406 females, 1,868 males) |
16-49 |
HT; |
73 França et al., 2019 |
Brasil |
Survey with open and closed questions |
141 (84% females) |
Mean age 24 |
HT; SC |
74 França & Quevedo, 2020 |
Brasil |
Survey with open and closed questions |
141 (84% females) |
Mean age 24 |
HT; SC |
75 Flach & Deslandes, 2021 |
Brasil |
Focus groups |
26 students from schools (22 women, 4 men) |
15-18 |
HT; SC |
76 Reed, 2015 |
USA |
Survey |
947 9th-12th grade students |
13-19 |
HT; |
77 Montenegro et al., 2019 |
Brasil |
Focus group |
20 adolescent girls from the 2nd and 3rd high school years |
N/A |
HT; |
78 Dragiewicz et al., 2021 |
Australia |
Interviews |
20 women |
21-65 |
HT; |
81 Baker & Carreño, 2016 |
USA |
Focus groups |
39 high school aged adolescents (21 boys, 18 girls) |
14-19 |
HT; |
82 Holt et al., 2021 |
Australia |
Survey |
1,328 adolescents enrolled in secondary schools |
13-14 |
SC |
84 Henry et al., 2017 |
Australia |
Survey |
4,274 (2,406 female, 1,868 male) |
16-49 |
SC |
86 Deslandes et al., 2022 |
Brasil |
Analysis of videos produced by young youtubers that had intimate images distributed without their consent |
20 videos (12 created by young women, 8 by young men) |
N/A |
SC |
87 Henry et al., 2020 |
Australia, New Zealand, UK |
Semi-structured interviews and survey |
75 interview participants (the majority were young women aged 18-29 68.0%) Survey 6,109 (women 3,181, men 2,928) |
Interviews 18+ Surveys 16-64 |
SC |
88 Sousa et al., 2019 |
Brasil |
In-depth interviews with school principals, six focus groups with high school girls, workshops |
Six focus groups with high school girls 6 to 20 participants each |
N/A |
SC |