Eating patterns and nutrient intake for older people: analysis with different methodological approaches

Ferreira-Nunes, Patrícia Moraes; Papini, Silvia Justina; Corrente, José Eduardo

doi:10.1590/1413-812320182312.28552016

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde colet. 23 (12) • Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182312.28552016 copy

Eating patterns and nutrient intake for older people: analysis with different methodological approaches

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Abstract

This study aims to analyse the eating patterns and nutrient intake in different eating patterns of elderly persons. This is a cross-sectional study with elderly people from Botucatu, São Paulo state, Brazil. The mean daily nutrient intake of individuals with high adherence to the eating patterns identified by factor analysis was analysed, comparing the intake by analysis of variance. Individuals with high adherence to the Healthy eating pattern had the highest mean intake of retinol, vitamin A and vitamin E. Individuals with high adherence to the eating pattern Snacks and weekend meal presented lower means of vitamin B12, vitamin C, phosphorus, and retinol intake and the highest means of iron, manganese and magnesium intake. Individuals with high adherence to Fruits had the lowest mean fibre intake. Individuals with high adherence to Light and whole foods had the highest means of vitamin C intake. Individuals with high adherence to Soft diet showed lower protein intake and increased added sugar intake. Individuals with high adherence to the Traditional eating pattern presented high means of nutrient intake. In general, a better characterization of the eating behaviour of elderly people who adhere to each of these eating patterns was possible.

Eating patterns; Micronutrients; Macronutrients; Food; Elderly

Nutrient	Healthy Pattern Mean (SD)	Snacks and Weekend Meal Pattern Mean (SD)	Fruits Pattern Mean (SD)	Light and Whole Foods Pattern Mean (SD)	Soft Diet Pattern Mean (SD)	Traditional Pattern Mean (SD)	P-value
Total fat (g)*	99.64^a (19.08)	94.16^a (18.95)	99.08^a (19.07)	96.400^a (19.07)	93.405^a (18.98)	100.495^a (18.96)	0.0020
Saturated fat (g)*	32.15^ab (7.68)	29.71^b (7.62)	34.50^a (7.67)	34.88^a (7.67)	31.71^ab (7.64)	34.52^a (7.63)	0.0040
Carbohydrate (g)*	310.86^b (47.78)	324.37^b (47.44)	317.56^b (47.76)	327.12^ab (47.77)	346.07^a (47.54)	329.44^ab (47.48)	0.194
Protein (g)*	95.74^a (17.98)	83.91^b (17.86)	89.16^ab (17.97)	85.59^ab (17.98)	81.23^b (17.89)	81.20^b (17.87)	< 0.0001
Total fibre (g) *	34.69^a (7.44)	31.45^a (7.39)	27.24^b (7.44)	34.12^a (7.44)	30.01^b (7.40)	31.95^a (7.39)	0.0210
Vitamin D (µg) *	3.76^a (1.87)	3.66^a (1.86)	3.68^a (1.87)	4.15^a (1.87)	4.15^a (1.87)	3.92^a (1.86)	0.9810
Vitamin C (mg) *	223.83^a (139.84)	172.14^a (138.86)	163.28^a (139.79)	248.41^a (139.82)	194.53^a (139.16)	190.46^a (138.99)	0.3670
Retinol (µg*)	1794.79^a (738.71)	1002.53^b (733.55)	1205.29^b (738.46)	1379.73^ab (738.64)	1186.01^b (735.12)	1307.79^b (734.23)	0.0090
Vitamin A (µg)***	3557.28^a (2393.89)	1713.67^b (1168.04)	2465.99^b (1651.44)	2260.55^b (1389.45)	2073.8^b (1268.60)	2358.92^b (1615.94)	< 0.0001
Folate (µg) *	576.36^a (92.24)	542.51^ab (91.60)	484.44^c (92.21)	546.67^ab (92.23)	517.45^abc (91.79)	532.19^abc (91.68)	0.0070
Vitamin E (mg) *	13.14^a (2.66)	11.21^b (2.64)	10.74^b (2.66)	11.35^b (2.66)	10.74^b (2.64)	11.63^b (2.64)	0.0060
Vitamin B12 (µg) **	56.92^a (110.17)	30.47^ab (49.04)	41.00^ab (71.37)	43.05^ab (79.29)	33.45^ab (54.55)	22.64^b (37.92)	0.1130
Calcium (mg) *	928.88^ab (302.31)	816.07^b (300.20)	941.07^ab (302.21)	1072.06^a (302.28)	899.70^ab (300.84)	900.90^ab (300.48)	0.1630
Phosphorus (mg) *	1451.60^a (215.56)	1307.80^b (214.05)	1394.83^ab (215.48)	1440.15^a (215.54)	1307.21^b (214.51)	1314.30^ab (214.25)	< 0.0001
Magnesium (mg) *	420.12^a (52.12)	388.97^ab (51.76)	351,98^b (52.10)	383.26^bc (52.12)	362.47^bc (51.87)	370.61^bc (51.80)	< 0.0001
Iron (mg) *	16.79^a (3.02)	15.75^a (3.00)	14.91^b (3.02)	14.69^b (3.02)	14.86^b (3.01)	15.73^ab (3.01)	0.0004
Sodium (mg) *	4112.95^a (944.26)	3705.65^a (937.67)	3887.98^a (943.94)	3679.13^a (944.18)	3641.76^a (939.67)	3820.56^a (938.53)	0.0050
Potassium (mg) *	3674.44^a (667.55)	3191.42^b (662.89)	3067.56^b (667.32)	3709.82^a (667.49)	3344.94^ab (664.31)	3283.91^ab (663.50)	0.0130
Selenium (µg) *	129.64^a (23.83)	119.08^b (23.67)	127.49^a (23.82)	117.38^b (23.83)	118.29^b (23.72)	114.33^b (23.68)	< 0.0001
Copper (mg) *	1.64^a (0.24)	1.49^ab (0.23)	1.45^b (0.24)	1.50^ab (0.24)	1.47^b (0.23)	1.58^ab (0.23)	0.0003
Manganese (mg) *	5.28^a (1.16)	5.06^ab (1.15)	4.53^b (1.16)	4.54^ab (1.16)	4.79^ab (1.15)	4.91^ab (1.15)	0.0220
Added sugar (g) *	49.29^b (59.48)	64.40^ab (59.07)	87.90^a (59.46)	64.80^ab (59.48)	96.48^a (59.19)	78.44^ab (59.12)	0.1050
Alcohol (g) *	6.26^a (27.59)	12.34^a (27.40)	6.91^a (27.59)	6.93^a (27.59)	2.45^a (27.46)	2.85^a (27.43)	0.5630

Nutrient	Healthy Pattern Mean (SD)	Snacks and Weekend Meal Pattern Mean (SD)	Fruits Pattern Mean (SD)	Light and Whole Foods Pattern Mean (SD)	Soft Diet Pattern Mean (SD)	Traditional Pattern Mean (SD)	P-value
Total fat (g)*	98.74^a (21.99)	96.73^a (21.62)	99.81^a (21.69)	101.21^a (21.54)	98.21^a (21.56)	101.38^a (21.47)	<0.0001
Saturated fat (g)*	33.37^a (9.13)	31.43^a (8.98)	35.14^a (9.01)	33.62^a (8.95)	33.28^a (8.96)	34.83^a (8.96)	<0.0001
Carbohydrate (g)*	319.15^a (62.60)	340.31^a (61.56)	316.39^a (61.75)	322.90^a (61.32)	335.11^a (61.39)	325.35^a (61.40)	<0.0001
Protein (g)*	93.12^a (20.05)	90.37^ab (19.72)	91.76^a (19.78)	87.77^ab (19.64)	81.58^b (19.66)	93.23^a (19.66)	<0.0001
Total fibre (g) *	33.55^a (9.47)	32.94^a (9.32)	27.19^b (9.35)	34.97^a (9.28)	27.44^b (9.29)	32.46^a (9.30)	0.0009
Vitamin D (µg) *	3.94^b (2.16)	4.39^ab (2.12)	4.42^ab (2.13)	4.14^ab (2.12)	4.44^ab (2.12)	5.00^a (2.12)	0.0686
Vitamin C (mg) *	216.17^b (146.96)	128.40^b (144.52)	217.87^b (144.96)	313.02^a (143.96)	168.49^bc (144.11)	186.18^bc (144.13)	<0.0001
Retinol (µg*)	1456.51^a (596.17)	890.87^b (586.25)	1181.93^bc (588.03)	1208.41^ab (583.99)	1087.55^bc (584.60)	1163.67^bc (584.69)	0.0460
Vitamin A (µg)***	4076.05^a (3471.76)	2431.71^b (1898.52)	2711.27^ab (2116.10)	3195.49^ab (2023.90)	2607.07^b (1830.24)	2869.88^ab (2243.96)	< 0.0001
Folate (µg) *	532.50^ab (134.80)	535,24^ab (132,55)	469.76^b (132.96)	538.81^a (132.04)	469.82^b (132.18)	531.44^ab (132.20)	0.0015
Vitamin E (mg) *	11.85^ab (2.91)	10,77^b (2.86)	10.45^b (2.87)	12.29^a (2.85)	10.89^ab (2.85)	11.17^ab (2.85)	0.0536
Vitamin B12 (µg) **	48.91^a (73.918)	20.09^b (31.79)	40.95^a (61.02)	37.10^a (52.44)	31.18^ab (49.09)	24.80^ab (38.07)	0.0348
Calcium (mg) *	970.30^a (335.07)	876.86^a (329.49)	979.29^a (330.49)	953.67^a (328.22)	900.24^a (328.56)	1026.92^a (328.62)	0.1059
Phosphorus (mg) *	1447.01^a (278.22)	1370.49^ab (273.59)	1417.43^ab (274.42)	1355.90^ab (272.53)	1296.63^b (272.82)	1463.72^a (272.86)	<0.0001
Magnesium (mg) *	392.63^a (72.46)	394.43^a (71.25)	339.37^c (71.47)	377.58^ab (70.98)	348.62^bc (71.05)	381.94^ab (71.07)	<0.0001
Iron (mg) *	15.71^ab (3.63)	17.01^a (3.57)	14.15^b (3.58)	14.58^b (3.55)	14.04^b (3.56)	16.40^a (3.56)	<0.0001
Sodium (mg) *	3732.12^a (777.31)	3520.81^ab (764.38)	3698.55^a (766.69)	3272.77^b (761.43)	3300.57^b (762.22)	3634.38^ab (762.34)	<0.0001
Potassium (mg) *	3594.12^ab (776.35)	3433.83^b (763.43)	3241.13^b (765.75)	3873.97^a (760.49)	3277.35^b (761.28)	3551.74^ab (761.40)	0.0002
Selenium (µg) *	124.09^ab (22.71)	118.75^ab (22.33)	129.43^a (22.40)	115.73^b (22.24)	113.29^b (22.27)	120.39^ab (22.27)	< 0.0001
Copper (mg) *	1.57^a (0.28)	1.58^a (0.27)	1.41^b (0.27)	1.54^ab (0.27)	1.44^ab (0.27)	1.58^a (0.27)	<0.0001
Manganese (mg) *	4.74^ab (1.19)	5.16^a (1.17)	4.06^bc (1.18)	4.36^bc (1.17)	4.24^bc (1.17)	4.68^ab (1.17)	<0.0001
Added sugar (g) *	71.76^b (63.28)	88.94ab (62.22)	87.45^ab (62.41)	65.08^b (61.8)	105.27^a (62.05)	76.60^ab (62.06)	0.0030
Alcohol (g) *	7.55 (0.72)	-0.381 (1.34)	8.52 (0.73)	5.28 (0.62)	5.69 (0.63)	0.54 (1.17)	0.4856

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[1] Collaborations

PM Ferreira-Nunes contributed to the conception and execution of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the article, and critical review and approval of the final version of the article. SJ Papini participated in the critical review and approval of the final version of the article. JE Corrente contributed to the design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the article, and critical review and approval of the final version of the article.