Marín et al.1515 Marín MC, Sanjurjo A, Rodrigo MA, Alaniz MJ. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk in La Plata, Argentina: relationship with maternal nutritional status. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73(5):355-360.
|
2005 |
Cross-sectional |
Argentina |
46 21 eutrophic, 16 overweight, 9 obese |
No losses |
16-39 |
NI |
Weight, height, BMI |
NI |
Women who gave birth to healthy full-term babies (38-42 weeks of gestational age) |
NI |
Storck Lindholm et al.1919 Storck Lindholm E, Strandvik B, Altman D, Möller A, Palme Kilander C. Different fatty acid pattern in breast milk of obese compared to normal-weight mothers. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88(3):211-217.
|
2013 |
Cohort/ intervention |
Sweden |
82 41 eutrophic, 41 obese, of which 29 were part of the intervention group |
No losses |
Eutrophic: 32.07 ± 4.1 Obese without intervention: 30.5 ± 5.7 Obese with intervention: 32.17 ± 3.7
|
NI |
Pregestational and gestational BMI (32 and 36 weeks) |
Eutrophic: 22 ± 1.8 Obese without intervention: 35 ± 3.8 Obese with intervention: 36 ± 5.0
|
NI |
Premature birth (<37 weeks), multiple pregnancies and/or babies with major malformations |
Mäkelä et al.1616 Mäkelä J, Linderborg K, Niinikoski H, Yang B, Lagström H. Breast milk fatty acid composition differs between over-weight and normal weight women: the STEPS Study. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52(2):727-735.
|
2013 |
Cross-sectional |
Finland |
163 49 eutrophic, 51 overweight |
No losses |
Eutrophic: 29.7 (3.6) Overweight: 31.0 (5.0)
|
NI |
Pregestational BMI |
Eutrophic: 20.9 (2.1) Overweight: 29.7 (3.3)
|
NI |
NI |
Linderborg et al.1717 Linderborg KM, Kalpio M, Mäkelä J, Niinikoski H, Kallio HP, Lagström H. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of human milk triacylglycerols from normal weight and overweight mothers on different diets. Food Chem 2014; 146:583-590.
|
2014 |
Cross-sectional |
Finland |
40 Eutrophic with recommended food choices Eutrophic with non-recommended food choices Overweight with recommended food choices Overweight with non-recommended food choices |
No losses |
30.01 ± 3.96
|
NI |
Pregestational BMI |
Eutrophic with adequate food choices: 20.81 ± 1.69 Eutrophic with inadequate food choices: 21.41 ± 2.31 Overweight with adequate food choices: 29.79 ± 2.85 Overweight with inadequate food choices: 31.22 ± 4.25
|
NI |
NI |
Fujimori et al.22 Fujimori M, França EL, Fiorin V, Morais TC, Honorio-França AC, Abreu LC. Changes in the biochemical and immunological components of serum and colostrum of overweight and obese mothers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:166-174
|
2015 |
Cross-sectional |
Brazil |
68 25 eutrophic, 24 overweight, 19 obese |
No losses |
Eutrophic: 25.0 (18-37) Overweight: 24.1 (18-37) Obese: 26.8 (21-38)
|
NI |
Pregestational BMI |
Eutrophic: 21.4 (18.4 - 24.4) Overweight: 26.6 (25.2 - 28.6) Obese: 34.7 (30.1 - 47.9)
|
Women with breasts without fissures on nipples or mastitis; who were exclusively breastfeeding their babies |
Multiple pregnancies, fetal malformation and births before the 37th gestational week |
Panagos et al.1818 Panagos PG, Vishwanathan R, Penfield-Cyr A, Matthan NR, Shivappa N, Wirth MD, Hebert JR, Sen S. Breastmilk from obese mothers has pro-inflammatory properties and decreased neuroprotective factors. J Perinatol 2016; 36(4):284-290.
|
2016 |
Cohort |
USA |
42 21 eutrophic, 21 obese |
No losses to evaluate the nutritional composition of milk |
Eutrophic: 31 ± 3.7 Obese: 30 ± 5.7
|
Multiethnic (Hispanic, Caucasian, African American, and Asian) |
Weight, height and pregestational BMI |
Eutrophic: 22 (1.9) Obese: 35 (4.0)
|
Recruited at the Tufts Medical Center. Visits between 34 and 40 weeks of gestational age. Women who planned to offer breast milk as the main form of nutrition for their babies and were willing to provide a sample of human milk on a study visit between 4 and 10 weeks postpartum |
Childbirth before 35 weeks of gestational age, multiple pregnancy, tobacco use, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal abnormalities, stillbirth. |
De Luca et al.44 De Luca A, Frasquet-Darrieux M, Gaud MA, Christin P, Boquien CY, Millet C, Herviou M, Darmaun D, Robins RJ, In-grand P, Hankard R. Higher Leptin but Not Human Milk Macronutrient Concentration Distinguishes Normal-Weight from Obese Mothers at 1-Month Postpartum. PLoS One 2016; 11(12):e0168568
|
2016 |
Cross-sectional |
France |
100 50 eutrophic, 50 obese |
No losses |
Eutrophic 30.1 ± 4.2 Obese 30.2 ± 4.7
|
NI |
Weight, height and BMI |
Eutrophic: 21.6 ± 1.4 Obese: 34.3 ± 3.9
|
Continuous breastfeeding up to 1 month |
Pre-existing chronic or gestational disease, smoking during pregnancy, twin pregnancy, prematurity, low birth weight or hospitalization in the neonatal period |
Young et al.33 Young BE, Patinkin Z, Palmer C, de la Houssaye B, Barbour LA, Hernandez T, Friedman JE, Krebs NF. Human Milk Insulin is Related to Maternal Plasma Insulin and BMI - But other Components of Human Milk do not Differ by BMI. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71(9):1094-1100.
|
2017 |
Cohort |
USA |
48 26 eutrophic, 22 overweight |
No losses |
Eutrophic 30.8 ± 2.6 Obese 30.3 ± 3.9
|
NI |
Pregestational BMI |
Eutrophic: 21.4 ± 2.0 Obese: 30.4 ± 4.2
|
Maternal age 21 to 36 years, with pregestational BMI from 17.0 to 39.9 kg / m22 Fujimori M, França EL, Fiorin V, Morais TC, Honorio-França AC, Abreu LC. Changes in the biochemical and immunological components of serum and colostrum of overweight and obese mothers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:166-174, single fetus, planning to breastfeed exclusively for at least four months, healthy, delivery at the study hospital |
Women with chronic medical conditions requiring treatment, such as cardiopulmonary, rheumatological or kidney disease or pre-existing diabetes, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia or premature birth |
Hahn et al.2020 Hahn WH, Jeong T, Park S, Song S, Kang NM. Content fat and calorie of human milk is affected by interactions between maternal age and body mass index. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 31(10):1385-1388.
|
2017 |
Cross-sectional |
South Korea |
80 20 eutrophic among 20 years, 20 eutrophic among 30 years, 20 Overweight among 20 years and 20 Overweight among 30 years |
NI |
Eutrophic > 20 and < 30 Obese > 30 |
NI |
BMI |
NI |
Mothers who exclusively breastfed, gave birth to a healthy baby, without any breast diseases including inflammatory diseases, started to breastfeed from the first day of delivery and children with normal weight at birth, head circumference and birth height |
Mothers with a disease including gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive diseases |