Food loss and food waste research in Latin America: scoping review

Costa, Bruna Vieira de Lima; Cordeiro, Nayhanne Gomes; Bocardi, Victória Bortolosso; Fernandes, Gislene Regina; Pereira, Simone Cardoso Lisboa; Claro, Rafael Moreira; Duarte, Camila Kümmel

doi:10.1590/1413-812320242910.04532023

Bruna Vieira de Lima Costa

conceptualization

data curation

formal analysis

writing - original draft

writing - review & editing

Grupo de Pesquisa em Estudos, Pesquisas e Práticas no Ambiente Alimentar e de Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil. brunavlcosta@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-7729

Nayhanne Gomes Cordeiro

data curation

formal analysis

writing - original draft

writing - review & editing

Grupo de Pesquisa em Estudos, Pesquisas e Práticas no Ambiente Alimentar e de Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil. brunavlcosta@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1110-8944

Victória Bortolosso Bocardi

data curation

formal analysis

writing - original draft

writing - review & editing

Grupo de Pesquisa em Estudos, Pesquisas e Práticas no Ambiente Alimentar e de Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil. brunavlcosta@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5244-2703

Gislene Regina Fernandes

formal analysis

writing - original draft

writing - review & editing

Grupo de Pesquisa em Alimentação e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alfenas. Alfenas MG Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-0936

Simone Cardoso Lisboa Pereira

formal analysis

writing - original draft

writing - review & editing

Grupo de Pesquisa em Estudos, Pesquisas e Práticas no Ambiente Alimentar e de Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil. brunavlcosta@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-2597

Rafael Moreira Claro

formal analysis

writing - original draft

writing - review & editing

Grupo de Pesquisa em Estudos, Pesquisas e Práticas no Ambiente Alimentar e de Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil. brunavlcosta@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9690-575X

Camila Kümmel Duarte

conceptualization

data curation

formal analysis

writing - original draft

writing - review & editing

Grupo de Pesquisa em Estudos, Pesquisas e Práticas no Ambiente Alimentar e de Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30130-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil. brunavlcosta@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1930-3282

Chief editors:

Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo, Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva

Sample	Latin American coutries
Phenomenon of interest	Stage of food supply chain analyzed; factors influence the loss (economic, social, environmental); economic, social and environmental impacts
Design	Observational studies (cross-sectional studies or ecological studies), case reports, interventional studies.
Evaluation	Food waste and Food lost
Research Type	Qualitative method

PubMed
“Food Supply”[Mesh] OR (“Food Supply”) OR (“food security”) OR (“food insecurity”) OR (“food supply chain”) AND “LATIN AMERICA”[Mesh] OR “LATIN AMERICA” OR “Argentina”[Mesh] OR “Argentina” OR “Bolivia”[Mesh] OR “Bolivia” OR “Brazil”[Mesh] OR “Brazil” OR “Chile”[Mesh] OR “Chile” OR “Colombia”[Mesh] OR “Colombia” OR “Costa Rica”[Mesh] OR “Costa Rica” OR “Cuba”[Mesh] OR “Cuba” OR “Dominican Republic”[Mesh] OR “Dominican Republic” OR “Ecuador”[Mesh] OR “Ecuador” OR “El Salvador”[Mesh] OR “El Salvador” OR “Guatemala”[Mesh] OR “Guatemala” OR “Haiti”[Mesh] OR “Haiti” OR “Honduras”[Mesh] OR “Honduras” OR “Mexico”[Mesh] OR “Mexico” OR “Nicaragua”[Mesh] OR “Nicaragua” OR “Panama”[Mesh] OR “Paraguay”[Mesh] OR “Paraguay” OR “Peru”[Mesh] OR “Peru” OR “Uruguay”[Mesh] OR “Uruguay” OR “Venezuela”[Mesh] OR “Venezuela” OR “Mercosur” OR “Caribbean Netherlands” OR “Caribbean Region”
EMBASE
#5 #1 AND #2 AND #4 195 #4 ‘food chain’/syn OR ‘food system’/syn OR ‘food security’/syn OR ‘food insecurity’/syn 33,464 #3 ‘food system’/exp 16 #2 ‘waste and waste related phenomena’/syn OR ‘waste’/syn OR ‘agricultural waste’/syn OR ‘food waste’/syn OR ‘fruit and vegetable waste’/syn OR ‘vegetable waste’/syn OR ‘waste management’/syn OR ‘waste prevention’/syn 507,561 #1 ‘south and central america’/syn OR ‘brazil’/syn OR ‘argentina’/syn OR ‘aruba’/syn OR ‘caribbean islands’/syn OR ‘bolivia’/syn OR ‘chile’/syn OR ‘colombia’/syn OR ‘ecuador’/syn OR ‘french guiana’/syn OR ‘guyana’/syn OR ‘netherlands antilles’/syn OR ‘paraguay’/syn OR ‘peru’/syn OR ‘suriname’/syn OR ‘uruguay’/syn OR ‘venezuela’/syn OR ‘central america’/syn OR ‘belize’/syn OR ‘caribbean’/syn OR ‘costa rica’/syn OR ‘el salvador’/syn OR ‘guatemala’/syn OR ‘honduras’/syn OR ‘nicaragua’/syn OR ‘panama’/syn
SCOPUS
( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “LATIN AMERICA” OR “Argentina” OR “Bolivia” OR “Brazil” OR “Chile” OR “Colombia” OR “Costa Rica” OR “Cuba” OR “Dominican Republic” OR “Ecuador” OR “el salvador” OR “Guatemala” OR “Haiti” OR “Honduras” OR “Mexico” OR “Nicaragua” OR “Panama” OR “Paraguay” OR “Peru” OR “Uruguay” OR “venezuela” OR “Caribbean Netherlands” OR “Caribbean Region” ) ) AND ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ‘food AND waste’ OR ‘garbage’ OR ‘food AND wastage’ OR ‘food AND waste AND quantification’ OR ‘food AND waste AND reporting’ OR ‘amounts AND of AND food AND waste’ OR ‘waste AND management’ OR ‘food AND wastefulness’ OR ‘waste AND prevention’ OR ‘food AND loss’ OR food AND losses’ OR ‘food AND loss’ OR ‘food AND losses AND food AND waste’ ) ) AND ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( “Food Supply” OR “food security” OR “food insecurity” OR “food supply chain” ) )
Web of Science

AGRICOLA
Keyword Anywhere(food waste) OR food loss)) AND Keyword Anywhere(Latin america))
EBSCO AS primer
( ‘food waste’ or ‘garbage’ or ‘food wastage’ or ‘food waste quantification’ or ‘food waste reporting’ or ‘amounts of food waste’ or ‘waste management’ or ‘food wastefulness’ or ‘waste prevention’ or ‘food loss’ or food losses’ or ‘food loss’ or ‘food losses and food waste’ ) AND ( “Food Supply” OR “food security” OR “food insecurity” OR “food supply chain” ) AND ( “latin america” OR “argentina” OR “bolivia” OR “brazil” “chile” OR “colombia” OR “costa rica” OR “cuba” OR “dominican republic” OR “ecuad OR ” OR “el salvador” OR “guatemala” OR “haiti” OR “honduras” OR “mexico” OR “nicaragua” OR “panama” OR “paraguay” OR “peru” OR “uruguay” OR “venezuela” OR “mercosur” OR “caribbean netherlands” OR “caribbean region” )
CABI
(((“latin america”) OR (“argentina”) OR (“bolivia”) OR (“brazil”) OR ( “chile”) OR (“colombia”) OR (“costa rica”) OR (“Cuba”) OR (“dominican republic”) OR (“ecuador”) OR (“el salvador”) OR (“guatemala”) OR (“haiti”) OR (“honduras”) OR (“mexico”) OR (“nicaragua”) OR (“panama”) OR (“paraguay”) OR (“peru”) OR (“uruguay”) OR (“venezuela”) OR (“mercosur”) OR (“caribbean netherlands”) OR (“caribbean region”))) AND (((“Food Supply”) OR (“food security”) OR (“food insecurity”) OR (“food supply chain”))) AND ((‘food waste’) OR (garbage) OR (“food wastage”) OR (‘waste management’ ) OR (‘food wastefulness’ ) OR (‘waste prevention’) OR (‘food losses’) OR (‘food loss’ ))

FLW	Author, year	Language	Study design	Study location	Stage of the FSC*	Food	Study Quality***
Food Loss	Mendonza et al., 2017¹³13 Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S. PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res 2014; 14:579.	English	Cross-sectional	Guatemala. Western highlands	Post-harvest handling and storage	Maize	1
	Quellhorst et al., 2020¹⁴14 Mendoza JR, Sabillón L, Martinez W, Campabadal C, Hallen-Adams HE, Bianchini A. Traditional maize post-harvest management practices amongst smallholder farmers in Guatemala. J Stored Products Res 2017; 71:14-21.	English	Cross-sectional	Haiti. Ouest, Centre, and lower Artibonite	Post-harvest handling and storage	Maize, beans	2
	Conte et al., 2020¹⁶16 Arends-Kuenning M, Garcias M, Kamei A, Shikida PFA, Romani GE. Factors associated with the harvest and postharvest loss among soybean farmers in Western Paraná State, Brazil. Food Policy 2022; 112:102363.	Portuguese	Cross-sectional	Brazil - Paraná	Harvest and postharvest	Soybean	2
	Arends-Kuenning et al., 2022¹⁵15 Quellhorst HE, Njoroge A, Venort T, Baributsa D. Postharvest Management of Grains in Haiti and Gender Roles. Sustainability 2020; 12:4608.	English	Cross-sectional	Brazil - Paraná	Harvest and postharvest	Soybean	2
Food Waste	Jica, 2013¹⁷17 Conte O, Possamai EJ, Filho Cecere P. Resultados do monitoramento integrado da colheita da solja na safra 2019/2020 no Paraná [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2023 mar 15]. Disponível em: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/1130138/resultados-do-monitoramento-integrado-da-colheita-da-soja-na-safra-20192020-no-parana. https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicac...	English	Cross-sectional	Colombia - Bogotá	Distribution	Meals	3
	Santos et al., 2020¹⁸18 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 2013 Project on Master Plan Study for Integrated Solid Waste Management in Bogota, D.C. Final Report [Internet]. [cited 2023 mar 15]. Available from: https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12126835.pdf. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12...	English	Cross-sectional	Brazil - Bahia - Salvador	Distribution	Fruits and Vegetables	3
	Silva et al., 2021¹⁹19 Santos SF, Cardoso RCV, Borges ÍMP, Almeida AC, Andrade ES, Ferreira IO, Ramos LC. Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables in supply centers in Salvador, Brazil: Analysis of determinants, volumes and reduction strategies. Waste Management 2020; 101:161-170.	English	Cross-sectional	Brazil - Rio de Janeiro	Distribution	Food	3
Food Loss and Waste	Gustavsson et al., 2011¹1 Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U. Global food losses and food waste [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 nov 4]. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/i2697e/i2697e.pdf. https://www.fao.org/3/i2697e/i2697e.pdf...	English	Cross-sectional	Latin America	FSC	Cereals, roots and tubers; Pulses; Fruits and vegetables; meat; fish and seafood; milk	3
	Delgado et al., 2017²⁰20 Silva DEW, César AS, Conejero MA. Prevention of food waste and alternative destinations for unused food in Brazil. J Cleaner Production 2021; 318:128545. Delgado et al., 2021²¹21 Delgado L, Schuster M, Torero M. The Reality of Food Losses a New Measurement Methodology [Internet]. IFPRI; 2017 [cited 2023 mar 15]. Available from: https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/default/files/the_reality_of_food_losses_a_new_measurement_methodology.pdf. https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/d...	English	Cross-sectional	Ecuador, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala	FSC	Potato, beans, maize	3
	CEC, 2017²²22 Delgado L, Schuster M, Torero M. Quantity and quality food losses across the value Chain: A Comparative analysis. Food Policy 2021; 98:101958.	English	Cross-sectional	Mexico	FSC	Food	3
	Chaboud, 2017²³23 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). Characterization and Management of Food Loss and Waste in North America. Montreal: CEC; 2017. Chaboud and Moustier, 2021²⁴24 Chaboud G. Assessing food losses and waste with a methodological framework: Insights from a case study. Resources Conservation Recycling 2017; 125:188-197.	English	Case report	Colombia - Cali	FSC	Tomatoes	2
	Dal’Magro and Talamini, 2019²⁵25 Chaboud G, Moustier P. The role of diverse distribution channels in reducing food loss and waste: The case of the Cali tomate supply chain in Colombia. Food Policy 2021; 98:101881.	English	Case report	Brazil - NI - NI**	FSC	Cereals, roots and tubers; Pulses; Fruits and vegetables; meat; fish and seafood; milk	2
	Velasco et al.,2019²⁶26 Dal' Magro GP, Talamini E. Estimating the magnitude of the food loss and waste generated in Brazil. Waste Manag Res 2019; 37:706-716.	Spanish	Cross-sectional	Ecuador, Peru	FSC	Potato	2
	Bedoya-Perales and Dal Magro, 2021²⁷27 Velasco C, Ordinola M, Devaux A. Una aproximación a la medición de pérdidas de alimento en la cadena de la papa en Ecuador y Perú. Rev Latinoam Papa 2019; 23(2):46-65.	English	Cross-sectional	Peru	FSC	Fruits and vegetables, roots and tubers, fish and seafood	3

Author, year	Data of food loss	Factors influence the food loss	Impacts, destiny and initiatives to reduce food loss
Mendonza et al., 2017¹³13 Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S. PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res 2014; 14:579.	Farmers (producers): FL was 6.6% a total production during storage. Farmers (purchaser): FL was 1.5% a total production during storage	Excessive humidity or mishandling of moisture in the grain, rodents, rot, grain and environmental moisture, fungal, birds and insects	Destiny: for animals and human consumption Initiatives to reduce: drying, control of pest focusing on rodent, moth and weevil control mostly (pastilla - pill - of a phosphine or phosphamine salt)
Quellhorst et al., 2020¹⁴14 Mendoza JR, Sabillón L, Martinez W, Campabadal C, Hallen-Adams HE, Bianchini A. Traditional maize post-harvest management practices amongst smallholder farmers in Guatemala. J Stored Products Res 2017; 71:14-21.	FL occurs during storage for 86.6% of farmers	Rodents, insects, moisture, birds and other animals, theft	Initiatives to reduce: use of chemical control and natural products to manage pests
Conte et al., 2020¹⁶16 Arends-Kuenning M, Garcias M, Kamei A, Shikida PFA, Romani GE. Factors associated with the harvest and postharvest loss among soybean farmers in Western Paraná State, Brazil. Food Policy 2022; 112:102363.	Average harvest loss of 1.05 bags (60 kilogram bags) per hectare	Time of experience with soybean cultivation in the region, topographically less favorable areas for production, outsourcing of harvesting Time of use of harvesting machines	Initiatives to reduce: innovative technologies employed in harvesting machines, wider platforms, training workers to master the adjustments and maintenance
Arends-Kuenning et al., 2022¹⁵15 Quellhorst HE, Njoroge A, Venort T, Baributsa D. Postharvest Management of Grains in Haiti and Gender Roles. Sustainability 2020; 12:4608.	Harvesting and storage are the most important stage where loss happens Perceived amount of harvest loss: farmers who hire others (120 kg per hectare or 0.03 percent of total production) farmers who harvest by themselves (88 kg per hectare or 0.02 percent of total production)	Training of the combine operator Person responsible for the harvest: farmers harvested the land by themselves or asked others to do so Farmers’ education level Moisture level Land size	Initiatives to reduce: to own and operate their own equipment, to provide resources for farmers to be able to harvest their own land by themselves, training for farmers to improve knowledge and skills, monitoring of the combine operators and better monitoring system when others harvest

Author, year	Data of food waste	Factors influence the food waste	Impacts, destiny and initiatives to reduce food waste
Jica, 2013¹⁷17 Conte O, Possamai EJ, Filho Cecere P. Resultados do monitoramento integrado da colheita da solja na safra 2019/2020 no Paraná [Internet]. 2020 [acessado 2023 mar 15]. Disponível em: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/1130138/resultados-do-monitoramento-integrado-da-colheita-da-soja-na-safra-20192020-no-parana. https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicac...	Average of the production of solid waste: by small commercial producers is 1.36 Kg/establishment/day	NI*	Initiatives to reduce: separate recyclable waste, donation recyclable resources (cardboard, paper, and plastics), program for collecting recyclables, publicize the concept of 3R: reduce (resource consumption), reuse (what can be reused), and recycle (recycle what cannot be reused as raw material).
Santos et al., 2020¹⁸18 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 2013 Project on Master Plan Study for Integrated Solid Waste Management in Bogota, D.C. Final Report [Internet]. [cited 2023 mar 15]. Available from: https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12126835.pdf. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12...	14.24% of all purchases was discarded weekly The highest of losses were bananas, papayas, tomatoes and peppers	Natural deterioration, lack of specific conservation, storage facilities and excessive customer handling. In the stands the recently arrived fruits and vegetables were placed on top of the ones that were already in place and lack of order in the replacement of old products contributed to increased losses. Conditions of the vehicles used to transport fruits and vegetables had inadequate hygiene and refrigeration. The reception and packaging practices were inadequate.	Destiny: donation to organizations or economically vulnerable individuals (35%) or consumption by the sellers and their families (9%). Initiatives to reduce: packing products carefully, to cover/protect, watering the green leafy vegetables throughout the day, requesting only the necessary supply, keeping the workplace clean
Silva et al., 2021¹⁹19 Santos SF, Cardoso RCV, Borges ÍMP, Almeida AC, Andrade ES, Ferreira IO, Ramos LC. Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables in supply centers in Salvador, Brazil: Analysis of determinants, volumes and reduction strategies. Waste Management 2020; 101:161-170.	The higher percentages of loss were fruits and vegetables, fishmonger, butchery, and bakery. The overall average loss rate reached 8.9% of gross revenue.	An operational breakdown External theft and internal theft Administrative errors	Initiatives to reduce: discounts on products reaching their expiry dates, having a loss prevention department, strict quality control for the reception of products, audits, minimum stock, efficient handling of products, staff training, preference for local suppliers, the use of processing and packaging technologies, inventory turnover between stores, raising awareness of customers regarding the handling of products, to send recyclable material to recycling institutions, donation food before the expiry date (food banks), production of biogas through anaerobic digestion, incineration with energy recovery, generation of new products (conversion of organic waste into fertilizer)

Author, year	Data of food loss and waste	Factors influence the food loss and waste	Impacts, destiny and initiatives to reduce food loss and waste
Gustavsson et al., 2011¹1 Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U. Global food losses and food waste [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 nov 4]. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/i2697e/i2697e.pdf. https://www.fao.org/3/i2697e/i2697e.pdf...	FL was 2220kg/per capita/per year in Latin America and occurs in the early and middle stages of the FSC. Estimated waste percentages: Cereals: 17% (FL); 14% (FW); Roots and tubers: 40% (FL); 7% (FW); Oilseeds and pulses: 17% (FL); 4%(FW); Fruits and vegetables: 50% (FL); 22% (FW); Meat: 11,4% (FL); 11% (FW); Fish and seafood: 19,7% (FL); 14% (FW); Milk:11,5% (FL); 12% (FW)	Financial, managerial and technical limitations in harvesting techniques, storage and cooling facilities in difficult climatic conditions, infrastructure, packaging and marketing systems	NI
Delgado et al., 2017²⁰20 Silva DEW, César AS, Conejero MA. Prevention of food waste and alternative destinations for unused food in Brazil. J Cleaner Production 2021; 318:128545. Delgado et al., 2021²¹21 Delgado L, Schuster M, Torero M. The Reality of Food Losses a New Measurement Methodology [Internet]. IFPRI; 2017 [cited 2023 mar 15]. Available from: https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/default/files/the_reality_of_food_losses_a_new_measurement_methodology.pdf. https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/d...	Loss fluctuates between 6 and 25% of total production and of the total produced value. Loss at the producer level (60 to 80%) of the total value chain loss; at the middleman (7%) and processor levels (19%).	Pests and diseases, lack of harvesting techniques, lack of training and experience in selecting the produce, post‐harvest activities, lack of storage facilities and efficient transport systems	Use of improved seeds
CEC, 2017²²22 Delgado L, Schuster M, Torero M. Quantity and quality food losses across the value Chain: A Comparative analysis. Food Policy 2021; 98:101958.	FLW was 28 million tonnes by year in Mexico: Pre-harvest: 9 million tonnes Post-harvest: 5 million tonnes Processing: 5 million tonnes Distribution: 5 million tonnes FLW is 249 kilograms/person/year in Mexico: Pre-harvest: 83 kilograms Post-harvest: 44 kilograms Processing: 45 kilograms Distribution: 40 kilograms	Overproduction by processors, wholesalers and retailers, product damage, lack of cold-chain infrastructure (refrigeration during transportation and storage), rigid food-grading specifications, varying customer demand, market fluctuations	Impacts (per year): Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Landfilled FLW: 49 million tonnes CO2; Fertilizer Use: 0.63 million tonnes; Water use 2.7 billion m3; Wasted Cropland: 4.4 million ha; Energy Use: 3.4 1018 Joules Initiatives to reduce: reducing portion sizes, increasing marketability, standardizing date labels, packaging adjustments, improving cold-chain management, financial incentives for food donation, online food rescue platforms, feeding animals
Chaboud, 2017²³23 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). Characterization and Management of Food Loss and Waste in North America. Montreal: CEC; 2017. Chaboud and Moustier, 2021²⁴24 Chaboud G. Assessing food losses and waste with a methodological framework: Insights from a case study. Resources Conservation Recycling 2017; 125:188-197.	FLW are higher at farm stage: farmers (58%), traders (22%) and retailers (25%). The average rate of FLW was 0.5% per trader and 1.7% per retailer. Producers: 10% report a FLW of at least 32.1% while 5% lose more than 55.6% of the tomatoes harvested. Retailers: 5% declare that they throw away at least 10% of tomatoes purchased, while 81% of the respondents throw away less than 2%.	Diseases and pests	Destiny: own consumption and donation Initiatives to reduce: pest and disease control at pre- and post-harvest stages
Dal’Magro and Talamini, 2019²⁵25 Chaboud G, Moustier P. The role of diverse distribution channels in reducing food loss and waste: The case of the Cali tomate supply chain in Colombia. Food Policy 2021; 98:101881.	Agricultural production (AP) (26.26%) and processing and packaging (PP) (24.67%): of fruits and vegetables, roots and tubers and cereals. In the 2007 the FLW was 77.7 million tons: AP (20.4 million) and PP (19.2 million). Between 2007 and 2013 was 82.1 million tons per year: AP (21.1 million) and PP (19.8 million). Distribution and consumption: larger quantities of fruits and vegetables, cereals and milk.	NI	Initiatives to reduce: donation for food banks, modernization of the supply centers, research related to pest management, agroindustrialization and food processing, post-harvest practices, packaging, logistics and waste disposal, public purchases of food from family farming
Velasco et al.,2019²⁶26 Dal' Magro GP, Talamini E. Estimating the magnitude of the food loss and waste generated in Brazil. Waste Manag Res 2019; 37:706-716.	Producers reported losses in Peru (82.5%) and in Ecuador (85.0%). In Peru the FL was: before the harvest (71.98%), left in the field (34.81%), during the harvest (50.74%), during selection (14.45%), during storage (10.62%). In Ecuador the FL was: before the harvest (71.59%), left in the field (19.45%), during the harvest (61.86%), during selection (16.34%), during storage (3.11%). In Peru, FLW differences depending on the size of the farm.	In Peru: climatic factors, with a lack of rain and frostspoor quality, mechanical damage and moth, insects. In Ecuador: climate, insects and poor seed quality, mechanical damage, excessive humidity (storage), attack of moths.	NI
Bedoya-Perales and Dal Magro, 2021²⁷27 Velasco C, Ordinola M, Devaux A. Una aproximación a la medición de pérdidas de alimento en la cadena de la papa en Ecuador y Perú. Rev Latinoam Papa 2019; 23(2):46-65.	12.8 million tonnes of FLW per year: mostly was during the pre-consumption steps (10.8 million tonnes per year). During the period 2007-2017, in Peru was 3.3 million tonnes in agricultural production, 2.3 million tonnes in post-harvest handling and storage, 3.5 million tonnes in processing and packaging, 1.7 million tonnes in distribution. The group of fruits and vegetables, with roots and tubers, contributed 65.13% of the total FLW flow. The groups of cereals and fish totaled 28.07%, and the group of pulses, meat, and milk represented 6.8% of FLW.	Unfavorable climatic conditions, pests, diseases, lack of cold chain logistics, bad harvest technique and lack of labor, the market inconsistency	Initiatives to reduce: to innovation in short food supply chains and short marketing circuits, valorization of food manufacturing waste, intelligent food logistics and supply chain planning, marketing infrastructure for farmers

[1] Chief editors:

Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo, Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva

Brasil

Brasil

Food loss and food waste research in Latin America: scoping review

Perda e desperdício de alimentos na América Latina: revisão de escopo

Abstract