Gustavsson et al., 201111 Gustavsson J, Cederberg C, Sonesson U. Global food losses and food waste [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 nov 4]. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/i2697e/i2697e.pdf. https://www.fao.org/3/i2697e/i2697e.pdf...
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FL was 2220kg/per capita/per year in Latin America and occurs in the early and middle stages of the FSC. Estimated waste percentages: Cereals: 17% (FL); 14% (FW); Roots and tubers: 40% (FL); 7% (FW); Oilseeds and pulses: 17% (FL); 4%(FW); Fruits and vegetables: 50% (FL); 22% (FW); Meat: 11,4% (FL); 11% (FW); Fish and seafood: 19,7% (FL); 14% (FW); Milk:11,5% (FL); 12% (FW) |
Financial, managerial and technical limitations in harvesting techniques, storage and cooling facilities in difficult climatic conditions, infrastructure, packaging and marketing systems |
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Delgado et al., 20172020 Silva DEW, César AS, Conejero MA. Prevention of food waste and alternative destinations for unused food in Brazil. J Cleaner Production 2021; 318:128545. Delgado et al., 20212121 Delgado L, Schuster M, Torero M. The Reality of Food Losses a New Measurement Methodology [Internet]. IFPRI; 2017 [cited 2023 mar 15]. Available from: https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/default/files/the_reality_of_food_losses_a_new_measurement_methodology.pdf. https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/sites/d...
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Loss fluctuates between 6 and 25% of total production and of the total produced value. Loss at the producer level (60 to 80%) of the total value chain loss; at the middleman (7%) and processor levels (19%). |
Pests and diseases, lack of harvesting techniques, lack of training and experience in selecting the produce, post‐harvest activities, lack of storage facilities and efficient transport systems |
Use of improved seeds |
CEC, 20172222 Delgado L, Schuster M, Torero M. Quantity and quality food losses across the value Chain: A Comparative analysis. Food Policy 2021; 98:101958. |
FLW was 28 million tonnes by year in Mexico: Pre-harvest: 9 million tonnes Post-harvest: 5 million tonnes Processing: 5 million tonnes Distribution: 5 million tonnes FLW is 249 kilograms/person/year in Mexico: Pre-harvest: 83 kilograms Post-harvest: 44 kilograms Processing: 45 kilograms Distribution: 40 kilograms |
Overproduction by processors, wholesalers and retailers, product damage, lack of cold-chain infrastructure (refrigeration during transportation and storage), rigid food-grading specifications, varying customer demand, market fluctuations |
Impacts (per year): Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Landfilled FLW: 49 million tonnes CO2; Fertilizer Use: 0.63 million tonnes; Water use 2.7 billion m3; Wasted Cropland: 4.4 million ha; Energy Use: 3.4 1018 Joules Initiatives to reduce: reducing portion sizes, increasing marketability, standardizing date labels, packaging adjustments, improving cold-chain management, financial incentives for food donation, online food rescue platforms, feeding animals |
Chaboud, 20172323 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC). Characterization and Management of Food Loss and Waste in North America. Montreal: CEC; 2017. Chaboud and Moustier, 20212424 Chaboud G. Assessing food losses and waste with a methodological framework: Insights from a case study. Resources Conservation Recycling 2017; 125:188-197. |
FLW are higher at farm stage: farmers (58%), traders (22%) and retailers (25%). The average rate of FLW was 0.5% per trader and 1.7% per retailer. Producers: 10% report a FLW of at least 32.1% while 5% lose more than 55.6% of the tomatoes harvested. Retailers: 5% declare that they throw away at least 10% of tomatoes purchased, while 81% of the respondents throw away less than 2%. |
Diseases and pests |
Destiny: own consumption and donation Initiatives to reduce: pest and disease control at pre- and post-harvest stages |
Dal’Magro and Talamini, 20192525 Chaboud G, Moustier P. The role of diverse distribution channels in reducing food loss and waste: The case of the Cali tomate supply chain in Colombia. Food Policy 2021; 98:101881. |
Agricultural production (AP) (26.26%) and processing and packaging (PP) (24.67%): of fruits and vegetables, roots and tubers and cereals. In the 2007 the FLW was 77.7 million tons: AP (20.4 million) and PP (19.2 million). Between 2007 and 2013 was 82.1 million tons per year: AP (21.1 million) and PP (19.8 million). Distribution and consumption: larger quantities of fruits and vegetables, cereals and milk. |
NI |
Initiatives to reduce: donation for food banks, modernization of the supply centers, research related to pest management, agroindustrialization and food processing, post-harvest practices, packaging, logistics and waste disposal, public purchases of food from family farming |
Velasco et al.,20192626 Dal' Magro GP, Talamini E. Estimating the magnitude of the food loss and waste generated in Brazil. Waste Manag Res 2019; 37:706-716. |
Producers reported losses in Peru (82.5%) and in Ecuador (85.0%). In Peru the FL was: before the harvest (71.98%), left in the field (34.81%), during the harvest (50.74%), during selection (14.45%), during storage (10.62%). In Ecuador the FL was: before the harvest (71.59%), left in the field (19.45%), during the harvest (61.86%), during selection (16.34%), during storage (3.11%). In Peru, FLW differences depending on the size of the farm. |
In Peru: climatic factors, with a lack of rain and frostspoor quality, mechanical damage and moth, insects. In Ecuador: climate, insects and poor seed quality, mechanical damage, excessive humidity (storage), attack of moths. |
NI |
Bedoya-Perales and Dal Magro, 20212727 Velasco C, Ordinola M, Devaux A. Una aproximación a la medición de pérdidas de alimento en la cadena de la papa en Ecuador y Perú. Rev Latinoam Papa 2019; 23(2):46-65. |
12.8 million tonnes of FLW per year: mostly was during the pre-consumption steps (10.8 million tonnes per year). During the period 2007-2017, in Peru was 3.3 million tonnes in agricultural production, 2.3 million tonnes in post-harvest handling and storage, 3.5 million tonnes in processing and packaging, 1.7 million tonnes in distribution. The group of fruits and vegetables, with roots and tubers, contributed 65.13% of the total FLW flow. The groups of cereals and fish totaled 28.07%, and the group of pulses, meat, and milk represented 6.8% of FLW. |
Unfavorable climatic conditions, pests, diseases, lack of cold chain logistics, bad harvest technique and lack of labor, the market inconsistency |
Initiatives to reduce: to innovation in short food supply chains and short marketing circuits, valorization of food manufacturing waste, intelligent food logistics and supply chain planning, marketing infrastructure for farmers |