Location |
United Kingdom |
Finland |
United Kingdom |
United Kingdom |
Japan |
United States of America |
United Kingdom |
Finland |
Investigated population |
Civil servants (man) |
Industry workers (67% men and 33% women) |
Civil servants (70.1% men and 29.9% women) |
Civil servants (69.6% homens e 30.4% mulheres) |
Civil servants (69.6% men and 30.4% women) |
Civil construction workers (89.6% men and 10.4% women) |
Industry workers (68% men and 32% women) |
Civil servants (23% men and 77% women) |
Study design |
Cohort |
Cohort |
Cohort |
Cohort |
Cross-sectional |
Cross-sectional |
Cohort |
Cohort |
Number of participants |
6,442 |
804 |
6,062 |
6,321 |
4,499 |
290 |
8,182 |
49,835 |
Age when entering study (age range and average age) |
35-55 years (average per group on perception of justice: low - 43.6/intermediate - 43.7/ high - 44.2) |
Average per group according to the perception of justice: low or intermediate - 39.1 high- 36.4 |
35-55 years (average 44) |
35-55 years (average in men 44.8 years and in women 45.4 years) |
Average in men 41.5 years and in women 40.9 years |
Average 44.8 years |
Average 44,4 years |
40-65 years (average 48) |
Ethnicity |
93% white and 7% others |
NR |
89.4% white and 10.6% others |
91.3% white and 8.7% others |
NR |
NR |
91% white and 9% others |
NR |
Participation rate |
73% |
NR |
73% |
73% |
90.1% in industry 1 and 96.2% in industry 2 |
NR |
73% |
65% to 71% |
Average time of follow-up |
8.7 years |
25.6 years |
9.6 years |
18 years |
NA |
NA |
25 years |
10.9 years |
Follow-up rate |
0.93 |
NR |
NR |
0.59 |
NA |
NA |
NR |
NR |
Type of organizational justice investigated (exposure) |
Interactional justice |
Justice at work |
Interactional justice |
Interactional justice |
Procedural justice and interactional justice |
Procedural and distributive justice |
Interactional justice |
Procedural justice |
Exposure measurement method |
Self-applied justice questionnaire developed for the Whitehall II Study |
Response to the affirmation “my supervisor treats me fairly” (Likert scale) |
Self-applied justice questionnaire developed for the Whitehall II Study |
Self-applied justice questionnaire developed for the Whitehall II Study |
Organizational justice Questionnaire (Moorman) |
Questionnaire of Price and Mueller and Organizational Justice Questionnaire (Moorman) |
Self-applied justice questionnaire developed for the Whitehall II Study |
Organizational justice Questionnaire (Moorman) |
Number of evaluations of exposure |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
7 |
Main outcomes |
CHD death, first nonfatal myocardial infarction, or definite angina |
Death by CVD (ischemic heart disease, other heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and other CVDs, according to the ICD-10) |
Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, CHD death, first nonfatal myocardial infarction, or definite angina |
Blood pressure, blood glucose, metabolic syndrome (according to criteria from NCEP/ATP III and AHA/NHLBI) |
Systemic arterial hypertension |
Systemic arterial hypertension |
Waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI; fasting glucose, fasting insulin, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol |
Type 2 Diabetes |
Number of evaluations of outcome |
2 |
continuous |
2 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
continuous |
Other investigated variables |
Marital status, level of education, type of activity, total cholesterol, BMI, smoking habit, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, physical activity, other models of stress in the workplace |
Occupation, smoking habit, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, BMI, other stress factors in the workplace (demand-control, effort-reward) |
Socioeconomic condition |
Type of work |
Level of education, occupation, work activity, chronic diseases (treatment for stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia), psychological stress (K6 scale), smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides |
Sex, marital status, childcare and eldercare responsibilities, number of hours worked per week, time working at the company, position (supervisor, leader, member of a team, or other), use of antihypertensive drugs |
Age, ethnicity, marital status, income, type of job activity, smoking habit, systemic arterial hypertension, alcohol consumption, physical activity |
Age, marital status, level of education, type of job activity, type of contract (permanent/nonpermanent), alcohol consumption, physical activity, BMI, previous diseases |
Main results |
Lower risk for coronary disease (HR 0.65; 95% IC- 0.47-0.89) in participants with high levels of interactional justice. Association remained after adjustment for: cholesterol, BMI, smoking habit, hypertension, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and other stress factors related to the workplace (demand-control and effort-reward models) |
Lower risk of death in participants with a high level of justice (HR 0.55- 95% CI 0.34-0.88). Association remained after adjustment for: occupation, smoking habit, physical activity, systolic blood pressure, and BMI (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.36-0.96) and after adjustment for stress factors in the workplace according to the demand-control and the effort-reward models (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34-0.92). When both adjustments were performed, the HR was 0.61 with a 95% CI 0.36-1.00. |
Lower risk for coronary artery disease in participants with high organizational justice (HR 0.87- 95% CI 0.77-0.98). |
Lower risk of developing high blood pressure in men with high levels of organizational justice (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.78-0.95). Regarding the increase in blood glucose, no association was found (in men HR 1.09; 95% CI 0.87-1.36 and in women HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.87-1.19). |
No association was found between procedural and interactional justice and the blood pressure levels of the participants |
No association was found between procedural and distributive justice and the blood pressure levels of the participants |
No association was found between procedural justice and glycemic and blood pressure levels of the participants. |
Workers exposed to a work environment of a vertically favorable dimension (intermediate to high organizational justice, associated with quality leadership, but with low support from colleagues and culture of collaboration), a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes was observed (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.78- 0.97), when compared to workers exposed to an unfavorable work environment. |