Famiyeh2121 Famiyeh IM, Mackeigan L, Thompson A, Kuluski K, Mccarthy LM. Exploring pharmacy service users' support for and willingness to use community pharmacist prescribing services. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 15(5):575-583. (2019) |
Dependent and independent |
Convenience sample that is not representative for an extension of results to other environments or subject groups that are not the same as those from this study. |
The availability to use the services varies and depends on the type of prescription service, which is greater due to the perception of personal convenience, but is inhibited by the perception of the lack of access of pharmacists to clinical information, concerns about the pharmacist-doctor collaboration, and the inexperience of the user with the use of pharmacist prescribing services. |
Feehan2222 Feehan M, Durante R, Ruble J, Munger MA. Qualitative interviews regarding pharmacist prescribing in the community setting. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2016; 73(18):1456-1461. (2016) |
Undefined by the authors |
The data presented, as they are of a qualitative search, may not present the real demand for pharmacist prescribing in general. |
The consumers are generally resistant to pharmacist prescribing, having difficulty breaking away from the dispensing pharmacist’s vision. The pharmacists supported the prescription in well-defined conditions. The hindrances included a lack of awareness about the pharmacist prescribing and the pharmacist’s training. |
Hobson2323 Hobson RJ, Scott J, Sutton J. Pharmacists and nurses as independent prescribers: exploring the patient's perspective. Fam Pract 2010; 27(1):110-120. (2010) |
Undefined by the authors |
Sample considered to be limited. |
The concerns increased regarding the clinical governance, privacy, and space. The participants recognized the pharmacists’ knowledge and accessibility. |
Hughes2424 Hughes CA, Makowsky M, Sadowski CA, Schindel TJ, Yuksel N, Guirguis LM. What prescribing means to pharmacists: a qualitative exploration of practising pharmacists in Alberta. Int J Pharm Pract 2014; 22(4):283-291. (2014) |
Undefined by the authors |
Authors did not present limitations |
The pharmacists presented a variety of ways to describe the meaning of prescribing but regularly described a high degree of responsibility. The prescribing definitions evolved as the pharmacists gained experience with prescribing practices. |
Irwin2525 Irwin AN, Stewart OC, Nguyen VQ, Bzowyckyj AS. Public perception of pharmacist-prescribed self-administered non-emergency hormonal contraception: an analysis of online social discourse. Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 15(6):650-655. (2019) |
Independent |
The answers were limited to subjects with access to the Internet and sufficient interest to read and answer the text. |
The public’s perception recognized various benefits, such as the increase in access to health care, the reduction in unintentional pregnancies, and the support provided to autonomous individuals. They also recognized that these benefits would need to be balanced with concerns about safety and logistics associated with the rendering of clinical services in a community pharmacy environment. |
Isenor2626 Isenor JE, Minard LV, Stewart SA, Curran JA, Deal H, Rodrigues G, Sketris IS. Identification of the relationship between barriers and facilitators of pharmacist prescribing and self-reported prescribing activity using the theoretical domains framework. Res Social Adm Pharm 2018; 14(8):784-791. (2018) |
Undefined by the authors |
Low rate of response; data collection procedure did not allow for questions answered insufficiently to be further explained, nor did it clarify questions that were not understood by the participants. |
The structure of theoretical domains proved to be useful to identify various hindrances and facilitators to pharmacist prescribing. The three theoretical domains that the interviewers more positively associated with prescribing were Knowledge, Reinforcement, and Intentions. |
Lane2727 Lane K, Bond C, Wright D, Alldred DP, Desborough J, Holland R, Hughes C, Poland F. "Everyone needs to understand each other's systems": stakeholder views on the acceptability and viability of a Pharmacist Independent Prescriber role in care homes for older people in the UK. Health Soc Care Community 2020; 28(5):1479-1487. (2020) |
Independent |
Possibility of bias due to the participants having been self-selected and, therefore, who might have favorable expectations of the role of the prescribing pharmacist and thus may not have captured the individual opinions more prone to be resistant to innovation. |
The introduction of a prescribing pharmacist was welcome, but was conditioned to: a clearly defined function; collaboration among the doctors, pharmacists, and homecare teams; dialogue about the development of the service with residents and family members, based on trust and effective communication. |
Lloyd2828 Lloyd F, Parsons C, Hughes CM. 'It's showed me the skills that he has': pharmacists' and mentors' views on pharmacist supplementary prescribing. Int J Pharm Pract 2010; 18(1):29-36. (2010) |
Dependent |
The authors presented no limitations. |
Pharmacist prescribing was accepted in practice, but it is not widespread. To a great extent, this can be attributed to the logistic and organizational barriers, rather than to tensions among the professionals |
Makowsky2929 Makowsky MJ, Guirguis LM, Hughes CA, Sadowski CA, Yuksel N. Factors influencing pharmacists' adoption of prescribing: qualitative application of the diffusion of innovations theory. Implement Sci 2013; 8:109. (2013) |
Dependent and Independent |
The answer bias would suggest that the pharmacists that answered would probably prescribe; methodology did not follow observations over time and did not have the relationship provided by in-person interviews. |
Prescribing was dependent on the following variables: innovation, adaptation, readiness of the system, configuration of the practice, communication, and influence. |
Mccann3030 Mccann L, Lloyd F, Parsons C, Gormley G, Haughey S, Crealey G, Hughes C. "They come with multiple morbidities": a qualitative assessment of pharmacist prescribing. J Interprof Care 2012; 26(2):127-133. (2012) |
Dependent and Independent |
The authors presented no limitations |
Although it is believed that the pharmacist prescribers were specialists in medicines and quite focused regarding patient safety and accuracy, it was felt that they may not be as properly equipped to deal with patients with complex conditions as a doctor. |
Mccann3131 Mccann LM, Haughey SL, ParSONS C, Lloyd F, Crealey G, Gormley GJ, HugheS CM. A patient perspective of pharmacist prescribing: 'crossing the specialisms-crossing the illnesses'. Health Expect 2015; 18(1):58-68. (2015) |
Independent |
Small number of participants and findings could not be generalized. |
Pharmacist prescribing is widely accepted and the patients consider pharmacist prescribing to be positive. Despite the positive attitudes, there was a general lack of awareness of this new mode of practice. |
Maclure3232 MacLure K, George J, Diack L, Bond C, Cunningham S, Stewart D. Views of the Scottish general public on non-medical prescribing. Int J Clin Pharm 2013; 35(5):704-710. (2013) |
Undefined by the authors |
Lacked clarity if the answers to the instrument result from the interest of the participant or result from the study questions. The results of the study are also limited due to the potential bias (recruitment, answer, and social convenience). |
The findings identified support for non-medical prescribing, but they indicate the need for non-medical prescribers to become more involved with the public in general. |
Mcintosh3333 Mcintosh T, Stewart D. A qualitative study of UK pharmacy pre-registration graduates' views and reflections on pharmacist prescribing. Int J Pharm Pract 2016; 24(2):139-141. (2016) |
Undefined by the authors |
Low rate of response, small sample, and lack of generalization of the results for other countries. |
Graduates in Pharmacy were anxious to be trained as prescribers, despite recognizing the need to first acquire practical experience. They saw prescribing as an appropriate function, but they were perfectly aware of the barriers surrounding the organizational strategy. |
Norman3434 Norman WV, Soon JA, Panagiotoglou D, Albert A, Zed PJ. The acceptability of contraception task-sharing among pharmacists in Canada - the ACT-Pharm study. Contraception 2015; 92(1):55-61. (2015) |
Independent |
The authors presented no limitations. |
The division of tasks to prescribe hormonal contraceptives independently is highly acceptable and feasible. |
Pokskic3535 Pojskic N, Mackeigan L, Boon H, Austin Z. Initial perceptions of key stakeholders in Ontario regarding independent prescriptive authority for pharmacists. Res Social Adm Pharm 2014; 10(2):341-354. (2014) |
Undefined by the authors |
Inability to recruit high-level government managers for interviews, generating limitations to understand the political factors that guide the definition of the agenda and political choices. |
Very different opinions were expressed by the government of Ontario and by pharmacist associations, one the one hand, and medical associations on the other, regarding the potential impact of pharmacist prescribing on patient safety and on access to primary care. |
Schindel3636 Schindel TJ, Given LM. The pharmacist as prescriber: a discourse analysis of newspaper media in Canada. Res Social Adm Pharm 2013; 9(4):384-395. (2013) |
Undefined by the authors |
The study’s rate of response was low and, therefore, the data from the study may not be representative of all the pharmacists in the province and in other regions in the country. |
The need for learning manifested by the participants reflected the current and future roles of the pharmacists. The pharmacists valued the accreditation and certification as mechanisms through which to build knowledge and trust. The pharmacists emphasized the social aspect of continuous professional development. |
Schindel3737 Schindel TJ, Yuksel N, Breault R, Daniels J, Varnhagen S, Hughes CA. Pharmacists' learning needs in the era of expanding scopes of practice: evolving practices and changing needs, Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 15(4):448-458. (2019) |
Undefined by the authors |
Results presented a limited generalization for other regions of the country. |
The texts treated varied questions concerning pharmacist prescribing, such as qualification, diagnosis, patient safety, medical support, and conflicts of interest. Results highlight the tensions between the perspective of the pharmacists and that of doctors about the role of prescribing. |