Associação entre <i>bullying</i>, adversidades na infância e capital social entre adolescentes

Reisen, Andressa; Gomes, Daiene Rosa; Viana, Maria Carmen; Salaroli, Luciane Bresciani; Santos Neto, Edson Theodoro dos

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Sumário

THEMATIC ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 29 (7) • Jul 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232024297.04012024 copiar

Associação entre bullying, adversidades na infância e capital social entre adolescentes

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a associação entre o comportamento de bullying, experiências adversas na infância e capital social no final da adolescência. Foram recrutados estudantes do ensino médio, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos, de uma região metropolitana do Brasil, para uma pesquisa epidemiológica seccional, com uma amostra de 2.281 alunos, estratificada por município de localização da escola. Foram produzidas estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais, com base em três instrumentos: Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire, Childhood Adversity History Questionnaire e Integrated Questionnaire to Measure Social Capital, em versões adaptadas. Os resultados mostraram que os fatores associados às vítimas de bullying foram gênero e adversidade na infância. Os fatores associados aos agressores de bullying foram gênero, adversidades na infância e capital social cognitivo. E os fatores associados aos agressores-vítimas de bullying foram gênero, adversidades na infância e capital social cognitivo. Conclui-se que o bullying está associado a adversidades na infância e também ao capital social cognitivo, e apontam para a necessidade de abordar as causas da violência, a fim de proporcionar um desenvolvimento saudável e seguro para crianças e adolescentes, prevenindo resultados negativos para a saúde física e mental.

Palavras-chave:
Adolescente; Bullying; Exposição à violência; Capital social; Saúde escolar

	Not involved n = 1,192 (57.3%)			Victims n = 567 (24.9%)			Aggressors (n = 237; 10.4%)			Victim-aggressors (n = 285; 12.5%)			P- value^b
	N	%	95%CI	N	%	95%CI	N	%	95%CI	N	%	95%CI
Age (n = 2,281)	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		237	100 0		285	100.0		0.002
15 and 16 years old (n = 1,268)	620	52.0	45.4 - 58.6	340	60.0	53.5 - 66.5	129	54.4	47.8 - 61.0	179	65.8	59.5 - 72.1
17 years old (n = 576)	322	27.0	21.1 - 32.9	131	23.1	17.5 - 28.7	69	29.1	23.1 - 35.1	54	19.0	13.8 - 24.2
18 and 19 years old (n = 437)	250	21.0	15.6 - 26.4	96	16.9	11.9 - 21.9	39	16.5	11.6 - 21.4	52	18.2	13.1 - 23.3
Gender (n = 2,281)	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		237	100.0		285	100.0		< 0.001
Female (n = 1,368)	801	67.2	61.0 - 73.4	334	58.9	52.4 - 65.4	122	51.5	44.9 - 58.1	111	39.0	32.5 - 45.5
Male (n = 913)	391	32.8	26.6 - 39.0	233	41.1	34.6 - 47.6	115	48.5	41.9 - 55.1	174	61.0	54.5 - 67.5
Race-color (n = 2,279)	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		236	100.0		284	100.0		0.364
White (n = 653)	341	28.6	22.6 - 34.6	169	29.8	23.7 - 35.9	60	25.4	19.6 - 31.2	83	29.2	23.2 - 35.2
Black (n = 403)	197	16.5	11.6 - 21.4	105	18.5	13.3 - 23.7	51	21.6	16.1 - 27.1	50	17.6	12.5 - 22.7
Multiracial (n = 1,036)	547	45.9	39.3 - 52.5	251	44.3	37.7 - 50.9	105	44.5	37.9 - 51.1	133	46.8	40.2 - 53.4
Yellow (n = 145)	86	7.2	3.8 - 10.6	35	6.2	5.6 - 6.8	14	6.0	2.8 - 9.2	10	3.5	1.1 - 5.9
Indigenous (n = 42)	21	1.8	0.0 - 3.6	7	1.2	-0.2 - 2.6	6	2.5	0.4 - 4.6	8	2.8	0.6 - 5.0
School network (n = 2,280) ^a	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		236	100.0		285	100.0		0.297
Public (n = 2,005)	1,063	89.2	85.1 - 93.3	490	86.4	81.8 - 91.0	204	86.4	81.8 - 91.0	248	87.0	82.5 - 91.5
Private (n = 275)	129	10.8	6.7 - 14.9	77	13.6	9.0 - 18.2	32	13.6	9.0 - 18.2	37	13.0	8.5 - 17.5
High-school year (n = 2,281) ^a	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		237	100.0		285	100.0		< 0.001
First year (n = 1,088)	521	43.7	37.1 - 50.3	298	52.5	45.9 - 59.1	118	49.8	43.1 - 56.5	151	52.9	46.3 - 59.5
Second year (n = 615)	318	26.7	20.8 - 32.6	156	27.5	26.3 - 28.7	65	27.4	26.2 - 28.6	76	26.7	20.8 - 32.6
Third and fourth years (n = 578)	353	29.6	28.4 - 30.8	113	20.0	14.7 - 25.3	54	22.8	17.2 - 28.4	58	20.4	15.0 - 25.8
Shift (n = 2,268) ^a	1,184	100.0		565	100.0		235	100.0		284	100.0		0.437
Morning (n = 1,861)	965	81.5	76.3 - 86.7	461	81.6	76.4 - 86.3	192	81.7	76.6 - 86.8	243	85.6	80.9 - 90.3
Afternoon (n = 407)	219	18.5	13.3 - 23.7	104	18.4	13.2 - 23.6	43	18.3	13.2 - 52.4	41	14.4	9.7 - 19.1
Adolescent’s paid job (n = 2,281)	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		237	100.0		285	100.0		0.431
No (n = 1,752)	931	78.1	72.6 - 83.6	430	75.8	70.1 - 81.5	180	75.9	70.2 - 81.6	211	74.0	68.2 - 79.8
Yes (n = 529)	261	21.9	20.8 - 23.0	137	24.1	18.4 - 29.8	57	24.1	18.4 - 29.8	74	26.0	20.2 - 31.8
Years living at that address (n = 2,258) ^a	1,178	100.0		564	100.0		234	100.0		282	100.0		0.675
Up to 10 years (n = 1,100)	570	48.4	41.8 - 55.0	280	49.6	42.9 - 56.3	107	45.1	38.5 - 51.7	143	50.7	44.0 - 57.4
Over 10 years (n = 1,158)	608	51.6	45.0 - 58.2	284	50.4	43.7 - 57.1	127	54.9	47.5 - 62.3	139	49.3	42.6 - 56.0
Basic sanitation (n = 2,199) ^a	1,154	100.0		543	100.0		227	100.0		275	100.0		0.177
No (n = 525)	257	22.3	16.8 - 27.8	147	27.1	21.2 - 33.0	57	25.1	19.3 - 30.9	64	23.3	17.7 - 28.9
Yes (n = 1,674)	897	77.7	72.2 - 83.2	396	72.9	67.0 - 78.8	170	74.9	69.1 - 80.7	211	76.7	71.7 - 82.3
Number of residents in the household (n = 2280) ^a	1,192	100.0		566	100.0		237	100.0		285	100.0		0.387
Up to 5 people (n = 1,965)	1027	86.2	81.6 - 90.8	480	84.8	80.0 - 89.6	212	89.5	85.4 - 93.6	246	86.3	81.7 - 90.9
Over 5 people (n = 315)	165	13.8	12.9 - 14.7	86	15.2	67.0 - 78.8	25	10.5	6.4 - 14.6	39	13.7	9.1 - 18.3
Parental divorce (n = 2,262)	1,182	100.0		559	100.0		236	100.0		285	100.0		0.008
No (n = 1323)	728	61.6	55.1 - 68.1	319	57.1	50.5 - 63.7	126	53.4	46.8 - 60.0	150	52.6	46.0 - 59.2
Yes (n = 939)	454	38.4	31.9 - 44.9	240	42.9	36.3 - 49.5	110	46.6	40.0 - 53.2	135	47.3	40.7 - 53.9
Head of the family’s educational background (n = 2,234) ^a	1,171	100.0		554	100.0		233	100.0		276	100.0		0.248
Elementary (n = 1,048)	571	48.8	42.1 - 55.5	255	46.0	39.4 - 52.6	99	42.5	35.9 - 49.1	123	44.6	38.0 - 51.2
Secondary (n = 765)	400	34.1	27.8 - 40.4	180	32.5	26.3 - 38.7	86	36.9	30.5 - 43.3	99	35.9	29.5 - 42.3
Higher (n = 421)	200	17.1	12.1 - 22.1	119	21.5	16.0 - 27.0	48	20.6	15.2 - 26.0	54	19.5	14.2 - 24.8
Total family income (n = 1,772) ^a	913	100.0		442	100.0		199	100.0		218	100.0		0.150
Up to 1 minimum wage (n = 224)	124	13.6	12.7 - 14.5	56	12.7	8.3 - 17.1	19	9.6	5.7 - 13.5	25	11.5	7.3 - 15.7
Between 1 and 3 minimum wages (n = 791)	430	47.1	40.5 - 53.7	194	43.9	37.3 - 50.5	83	41.7	35.1 - 48.3	84	38.5	32.0 - 45.0
Between 3 and 10 minimum wages (n = 639	303	33.2	26.9 - 39.5	160	36.2	29.8 - 42.6	82	41.2	34.7 - 47.7	94	43.1	36.5 - 53.6
Over 10 minimum wages (n = 118)	56	6.1	2.9 - 9.3	32	7.2	3.8 - 10.6	15	7.5	4.0 - 11.0	15	6.9	3.5 - 10.3
Adversity in childhood (n = 2,099) ^a	1,093	100.0		522	100.0		220	100.0		264	100.0		< 0.001
Not exposed (n = 212)	158	14.5	9.8 - 19.2	29	5.5	2.5 - 8.5	15	6.8	3.5 - 10.1	10	3.8	1.3 - 6.3
1 to 3 adversities (n = 1,189)	679	62.1	55.6 - 68.6	275	52.7	46.1 - 59.3	111	50.5	43.8 - 57.2	124	47.0	40.4 - 53.6
4 to 10 adversities (n = 698)	256	23.4	17.8 - 29.0	218	41.8	35.2 - 48.4	94	42.7	36.1 - 49.3	130	49.2	42.5 - 55.9
Structural Social Capital (n = 2,281)	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		237	100.0		285	100.0
Low (n = 570)	297	25.0	19.2 - 30.8	144	25.4	19.6 - 31.2	61	25.7	14.7 - 36.7	68	23.9	13.2 - 34.6	0.786
Moderate (n = 1,151)	612	51.3	44.6 - 58.0	282	49.7	43.9 - 55.5	121	51.1	38.6 - 63.6	136	47.7	35.2 - 60.2
High (n = 560)	283	23.7	18.0 - 29.4	141	24.9	19.9 - 29.9	55	23.2	12.6 - 33.8	81	28.4	17.1 - 39.7
Cognitive Social Capital (n = 2,281)	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		237	100.0		285	100.0
Low (n = 454)	198	16.6	11.6 - 21.6	100	17.6	12.5 - 22.7	73	30.8	24.7 - 36.9	83	29.1	23.1 - 35.1	< 0.001
Moderate (n = 1228)	637	53.4	46.8 - 60.0	319	56.3	49.7 - 62.9	125	52.7	46.1 - 59.3	147	51.6	45.0 - 58.2
High (n = 599)	357	30.0	23.9 - 36.1	148	26.1	20.3 - 31.9	39	16.5	11.6 - 21.4	55	19.3	14.0 - 24.6
Underlying Social Capital (n = 2,281)	1,192	100.0		567	100.0		237	100.0		285	100.0
Low (n = 561)	270	22.6	17.0 - 28.2	157	27.7	21.7 - 33.7	60	25.3	19.5 - 31.1	74	26.0	20.2 - 31.8	0.056
Moderate (n = 1145)	598	50.2	48.9 - 51.5	276	48.7	42.0 - 55.4	115	48.5	41.9 - 55.1	156	54.7	48.1 - 61.3
High (n = 575)	324	27.2	21.3 - 33.1	134	23.6	18.0 - 29.2	62	26.2	60.9 - 63.1	55	19.3	14.0 - 24.6

Bullying behaviors ^a			Gross OR	95%CI		p- value	Adjusted OR	95%CI		p- value
Bullying behaviors ^a			Gross OR	Lower threshold	Higher threshold	p- value	Adjusted OR	Lower threshold	Higher threshold	p- value
Victims	Age	15 and 16	1.4	1.09	1.87	0.010
		17 years	1.1	0.78	1.45	0.716
		18 and 19	1
	Gender	Female	0.7	0.57	0.86	0.001	0.6	0.47	0.81	< 0.001
	Gender	Male	1				1
	High-school year	First year	1.8	1.39	2.31	< 0.001
		Second year	1.5	1.15	2.04	0.003
		Third/Fourth years	1
	Basic sanitation	No	1.3	1.03	1.64	0.031
	Basic sanitation	Yes	1
	Parental divorce	No	0.8	0.68	1.02	0.072	1.3	1.00	1.75	0.047
	Parental divorce	Yes	1				1
	Total family income	Up to 1 minimum wage	0.8	0.46	1.35	0.390
		Between 1 and 3 minimum wages	0.8	0.5	1.26	0.321
		Between 3 and 10 minimum wages	0.9	0.58	1.49	0.744
		Over 10 minimum wages	1
	Adversity in childhood	4 to 10	4.6	3.00	7.17	< 0.001	7.7	4.43	13.26	< 0.001
		1 to 3	2.2	1.45	3.36	< 0.001	2.8	1.67	4.55	< 0.001
		Not exposed	1				1
	Cognitive social capital	Low	1.2	0.90	1.66	0.208
		Moderate	1.2	0.96	1.53	.0114
		High	1
	Underlying social capital	Low	1.4	1.06	1.86	0.018
		Moderate	1.1	0.87	1.43	0.383
		High	1
Aggressors	Age	15 and 16	1.3	0.91	1.96	0.145
		17 years	1.4	0.90	2.10	0.144
		18 and 19	1
	Gender	Female	0.5	0.39	0.69	< 0.001	0.5	0.33	0.67	< 0.001
	Gender	Male	1				1
	High-school year	First year	1.5	1.04	2.10	0.028
		Second year	1.3	0.90	1.98	0.147
		Third/Fourth years	1
	Basic sanitation	No	1.2	0.84	1.63	0.351
	Basic sanitation	Yes	1
	Parental divorce	No	0.7	0.54	0.95	0.019
	Parental divorce	Yes	1
	Total family income	Up to 1 minimum wage	0.6	0.27	1.21	0.143
		Between 1 and 3 minimum wages	0.7	0.39	1.34	0.297
		Between 3 and 10 minimum wages	1.0	0.54	1.88	0.974
		Over 10 minimum wages	1
	Adversity in childhood	4 to 10	3.9	2.17	6.91	< 0.001	6.0	2.99	12.14	< 0.001
		1 to 3	1.7	0.98	3.03	0.060	1.9	1.02	3.72	0.043
		Not exposed	1				1
	Cognitive social capital	Low	3.4	2.21	5.17	< 0.001	3.2	1.91	5.32	< 0.001
		Moderate	1.8	1.23	2.63	0.003	1.7	1.12	2.73	0.014
		High	1				1
	Underlying social capital	Low	1.2	0.79	1.72	0.452
		Moderate	1.0	0.72	1.41	0.977
		High	1
Victim-aggressors	Age	15 and 16	1.4	0.99	1.95	0.060	1.7	1.04	2.89	0.036
		17 years	0.8	0.53	1.22	0.309	0.8	0.48	1.35	0.417
		18 and 19	1				1
	Gender	Female	0.3	0.24	0.41	< 0.001	0.3	0.19	0.39	< 0.001
	Gender	Male	1				1
	High-school year	First year	1.8	1.27	2.46	0.001
		Second year	1.5	1.00	2.11	0.049
		Third/fourth years	1
	Basic sanitation	No	1.1	0.78	1.5	0.720
	Basic sanitation	Yes	1
	Parental divorce	No	0.7	0.53	0.90	0.006
	Parental divorce	Yes	1
	Total family income	Up to 1 minimum wage	0.8	0.37	1.54	0.435
		Between 1 and 3 minimum wages	0.7	0.39	1.35	0.315
		Between 3 and 10 minimum wages	1.2	0.63	2.14	0.640
		Over 10 minimum wages	1
	Adversity in childhood	4 to 10	8.0	4.09	15.73	< 0.001	27.3	9.34	80.02	< 0.001
		1 to 3	2.9	1.48	5.6	0.002	7.1	2.51	20.21	< 0.001
		Not exposed	1				1
	Cognitive social capital	Low	2.7	1.86	3.99	< 0.001	3.3	1.97	5.42	< 0.001
		Moderate	1.5	1.07	2.10	0.018	1.7	1.07	2.58	0.025
		High	1				1
	Underlying social capital	Low	1.6	1.10	2.37	0.015
		Moderate	1.5	1.10	2.15	0.012
		High	1

Social capital*	Exposure to adversity in childhood	p-value	OR	95%CI
Social capital*	Exposure to adversity in childhood	p-value	OR	Lower threshold	Higher threshold
Low structural	1 to 3	0.225	1.3	0.85	1.97
	4 to 10	0.037	1.6	1.03	2.48
	Not exposed		1
Moderate structural	1 to 3	0.308	1.2	0.85	1.68
	4 to 10	0.293	1.2	0.85	1.75
	Not exposed		1
Low cognitive	1 to 3	0.525	1.2	0.75	1.77
	4 to 10	0.037	1.6	1.03	2.54
	Not exposed		1
Moderate cognitive	1 to 3	0.113	1.3	0.94	1.83
	4 to 10	0.023	1.5	1.06	2.16
	Not exposed		1
Low underlying	1 to 3	0.780	1.1	0.70	1.60
	4 to 10	0.008	1.8	1.17	2.79
	Not exposed		1
Moderate underlying	1 to 3	0.687	1.1	0.76	1.51
	4 to 10	0.039	1.5	1.02	2.13
	Not exposed		1

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[1] Chief editors:

Maria Cecília de Souza Minayo, Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva