Adams et al. 18 (1989) |
Conotruncal heart defect |
1.13 |
0.71-1.81 |
0.35 |
Akre et al. 19 (1999) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.19 |
1.06-1.33 |
0.99 |
Alderman et al. 20 (1991) |
Crooked foot at birth |
1.92 |
1.31-2.81 |
0.46 |
Alderman et al. 21 (1994) |
Craniosynostosis |
1.70 |
1.11-2.60 |
0.40 |
Ananijevic-Pandey et al. 22 (1992) |
General malformations |
1.58 |
0.96-2.60 |
0.32 |
Aro et al. 23 (1983) |
Limb reduction |
1.30 |
0.89-1.90 |
0.46 |
Bailey et al. 24 (1970) |
Birth defects |
0.75 |
0.43-1.32 |
0.27 |
Batra et al. 25 (2007) |
Ventricular septal defect |
0.93 |
0.83-1.04 |
0.98 |
Beard et al. 26 (1984) |
Genitourinary defect |
1.00 |
0.50-2.00 |
0.19 |
Beaty et al. 27 (2008) |
Oral fissures |
1.04 |
0.51-2.12 |
0.19 |
Beaty et al. 28 (2001) |
Oral fissures |
1.77 |
0.86-3.65 |
0.18 |
Bell & Lumley 29 (1989) |
Birth defects |
0.80 |
0.44-1.46 |
0.24 |
Berkowitz & Lapinski 30 (1996) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.24 |
0.59-2.61 |
0.17 |
Biggs et al. 31 (2002) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.24 |
1.11-1.38 |
1.00 |
Bille et al. 32 (2007) |
Oral fissures |
1.50 |
1.05-2.14 |
0.50 |
Bird et al. 6 (2009) |
Musculoskeletal |
1.44 |
1.04-2.00 |
0.54 |
Bitsko et al. 33 (2007) |
Birth defects |
1.61 |
1.00-2.60 |
0.33 |
Blatter et al. 34 (1996) |
Central nervous system defects |
0.95 |
0.68-1.32 |
0.54 |
Botto et al. 35 (2001) |
Heart defects |
1.11 |
0.95-1.30 |
0.90 |
Bracken et al. 7 (1978) |
Birth defects |
1.09 |
0.96-1.25 |
0.95 |
Brouwers et al. 36 (2007) |
Hypospadias |
0.90 |
0.61-1.32 |
0.45 |
Brouwers et al. 37 (2010) |
Hypospadias |
1.50 |
0.97-2.32 |
0.39 |
Browne et al. 38 (2007) |
Heart defects |
1.16 |
1.03-1.31 |
0.98 |
Carbone et al. 39 (2007) |
Cryptorchidism; hypospadias |
1.33 |
0.55-3.18 |
0.13 |
Cardy et al. 40 (2007) |
Congenital equinovarus |
1.37 |
0.72-2.61 |
0.22 |
Carmichael et al. 42 (2003) |
Cardiovascular defects and facial cleft |
1.70 |
1.35-2.14 |
0.73 |
Carmichael & Shaw 41 (2000) |
Anencephaly |
0.81 |
0.49-1.33 |
0.32 |
Carmichael et al. 44 (2008) |
Craniosynostosis |
1.03 |
0.80-1.33 |
0.68 |
Carmichael et al. 43 (2005) |
Hypospadias |
1.00 |
0.76-1.31 |
0.64 |
Caton et al. 45 (2008) |
Hypospadias |
0.88 |
0.72-1.10 |
0.77 |
Cedergren et al. 8 (2002) |
Heart defects |
1.19 |
0.86-1.66 |
0.54 |
Chambers et al. 46 (2007) |
Gastroschisis |
1.37 |
0.63-2.96 |
0.16 |
Chevrier et al. 47 (2008) |
Oral fissures |
1.00 |
0.62-1.61 |
0.55 |
Chew et al. 48 (1994) |
Eye defects |
1.27 |
1.22-1.32 |
1.10 |
Christensen et al. 9 (1999) |
Oral fissures |
1.16 |
0.73-1.83 |
0.37 |
Christianson 49 (1980) |
Anomalies in all systems |
1.05 |
0.96-1.15 |
1.03 |
Chung & Myrianthopoulos 50 (1975) |
Inguinal hernia |
1.45 |
1.25-1.68 |
0.95 |
Chung et al. 51 (2000) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.35 |
1.18-1.54 |
0.92 |
Cordier et al. 52 (1992) |
Major defects |
0.80 |
0.53-1.20 |
0.42 |
Correy et al. 53 (1991) |
Defects |
0.94 |
0.82-1.08 |
0.94 |
Croen et al. 54 (2000) |
Holoprosencephaly |
4.08 |
1.54-10.80 |
0.11 |
Czeizel et al. 58 (2004) |
Orofacial clefts; Congenital limb defects |
1.27 |
1.11-1.45 |
0.95 |
Czeizel et al. 57 (1994) |
Limb reduction |
1.68 |
1.26-2.24 |
0.61 |
Czeizel & Nagy 56 (1986) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.08 |
0.86-1.36 |
0.73 |
Czeizel & Vitez 55 (1981) |
Omphalocele |
1.14 |
0.64-2.01 |
0.26 |
Costa et al. et al. 59 (2006) |
Birth defects |
1.15 |
0.73-1.81 |
0.36 |
Damgaard et al. 60 (2008) |
Cryptorchidism |
0.88 |
0.53-1.47 |
0.31 |
Davies et al. 61 (1986) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.38 |
0.73-2.61 |
0.22 |
De Roo et al. 10 (2003) |
Oral fissures |
1.10 |
0.73-1.66 |
0.41 |
Reference (year) |
Type of defect |
OR |
95%CI |
Weight (%) * |
|
|
|
|
|
Dickinson et al. 11 (2008) |
Crooked foot at birth |
1.39 |
1.06-1.82 |
0.65 |
Draper et al. 62 (2008) |
Gastroschisis |
1.70 |
1.11-2.61 |
0.39 |
Erickson 63 (1991) |
General malformations |
1.12 |
1.05-1.20 |
1.07 |
Ericson et al. 64 (1979) |
Central nervous system defects; orofacial clefts |
1.88 |
1.22-2.90 |
0.39 |
Evans et al. 65 (1979) |
All birth defects |
0.96 |
0.88-1.04 |
1.04 |
Fredrick et al. 66 (1971) |
Congenital heart diseases |
1.54 |
1.22-1.95 |
0.72 |
Feldkamp et al. 12 (2008) |
Gastroschisis |
2.56 |
1.75-3.75 |
0.46 |
Felix et al. 67 (2008) |
Esophageal atresia; diaphragmatic hernia |
0.58 |
0.30-1.13 |
0.21 |
Ferencz et al. 68 (2008) |
Cardiovascular defects |
1.02 |
0.92-1.13 |
1.01 |
Garcia et al. 69 (1999) |
Birth defects |
4.25 |
1.57-11.50 |
0.10 |
Goldbaum et al. 70 (1990) |
Gastroschisis |
2.00 |
1.05-3.80 |
0.22 |
Golding & Butler 71 (1983) |
Anencephaly |
1.34 |
1.12-1.60 |
0.85 |
Grewal et al. 72 (2008) |
Defects |
0.81 |
0.57-1.17 |
0.49 |
Haddow et al. 73 (1983) |
Gastroschisis |
2.10 |
0.92-4.80 |
0.14 |
Hakin & Tielsch 74 (1992) |
Esotropia; exotropia |
1.56 |
1.15-2.12 |
0.58 |
Hearey et al. 75 (1984) |
Central nervous system defects |
4.00 |
0.64-24.99 |
0.03 |
Heinonen 76 (1977) |
Defects |
0.94 |
0.8-1.054 |
0.99 |
Hemminki et al. 77 (1981) |
Central nervous system defects |
1.61 |
1.27-2.04 |
0.72 |
Himmelberger et al. 78 (1978) |
Defects |
1.32 |
1.14-1.53 |
0.92 |
Honein et al. 82 (2001) |
Defects |
1.25 |
1.13-1.38 |
1.01 |
Honein et al. 83 (2007) |
Oral fissures |
1.20 |
0.98-1.47 |
0.79 |
Honein et al. 80 (2000) |
Craniosynostosis |
1.92 |
1.01-3.65 |
0.22 |
Honein & Rasmussen 81 (2000) |
Crooked foot at birth |
1.41 |
1.10-1.81 |
0.69 |
Hoobs et al. 79 (2006) |
Heart defects |
1.72 |
0.95-3.13 |
0.25 |
Hougland et al. 84 (2006) |
Gastroschisis |
2.61 |
1.49-4.57 |
0.27 |
Jensen et al. 85 (2007) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.08 |
0.84-1.39 |
0.68 |
Johansen et al. 86 (2009) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.52 |
1.21-1.91 |
0.74 |
Jones et al. 87 (1998) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.04 |
0.85-1.27 |
0.80 |
Kallen 88 (1999) |
Craniosynostosis |
1.45 |
1.12-1.87 |
0.68 |
Kallen 89 (2000) |
Defects |
1.03 |
1.00-1.06 |
1.11 |
Kelsey e tal. 90 (1978) |
Defects |
1.09 |
0.96-1.25 |
0.70 |
Khoury et al. 91 (1989) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.48 |
1.16-1.89 |
0.43 |
Krapels et al. 92 (2006) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.12 |
0.75-1.67 |
0.41 |
Krauss et al. 93 (2003) |
Microcephaly |
1.90 |
1.00-3.60 |
0.22 |
Kricker et al. 93 (1986) |
Limb reduction |
1.10 |
0.67-1.81 |
0.32 |
Kuciene & Dulskiene 95 (2009) |
Heart defects |
1.48 |
0.82-2.67 |
0.25 |
Kullander & Kallen 96 (1971) |
Defects |
1.14 |
0.85-1.52 |
0.61 |
Kurahashi et al. 97 (2005) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.04 |
0.50-2.12 |
0.19 |
Kurahashi et al. 98 (2005) |
Hypospadias |
1.04 |
0.24-4.45 |
0.05 |
Lam & Torfs 99 (2006) |
Gastroschisis |
1.96 |
0.98-3.92 |
0.20 |
Leite & Koifman 100 (2009) |
Oral fissures |
1.19 |
0.82-1.75 |
0.43 |
Li et al. 102 (2006) |
Neural tube defects |
1.44 |
0.35-5.85 |
0.05 |
Li et al. 101 (1996) |
Urinary tract defects |
2.30 |
1.18-4.49 |
0.21 |
Lie et al. 103 (2008) |
Oral fissures |
1.60 |
1.15-2.23 |
0.53 |
Lieff et al. 104 (1999) |
Defects |
1.27 |
1.10-1.46 |
0.94 |
Linn et al. 105 (1983) |
All defects |
0.93 |
0.71-1.21 |
0.66 |
Little et al. 106 (2004) |
Oral fissures |
2.00 |
1.29-3.10 |
0.38 |
Liu et al. 107 (2009) |
Heart defects |
5.13 |
0.98-26.71 |
0.04 |
Lorente et al. 108 (2000) |
Oral fissures |
1.42 |
0.92-2.20 |
0.39 |
Lowe 109 (1959) |
All defects |
1.30 |
0.57-2.99 |
0.14 |
Lubs 110 (1973) |
Major defects |
0.75 |
0.50-1.12 |
0.43 |
Reference (year) |
Type of defect |
OR |
95%CI |
Weight (%) * |
|
|
|
|
|
Lumley et al. 111 (1985) |
All defects |
1.04 |
0.80-1.35 |
0.67 |
MacBird et al. 112 (2009) |
Omphalocele |
1.20 |
0.79-1.82 |
0.41 |
Malik et al. 113 (2008) |
Heart defects |
1.22 |
1.10-1.35 |
1.01 |
Malloy et al. 114 (1989) |
Defects |
0.98 |
0.94-1.03 |
1.09 |
Man & Chang 115 (2006) |
Congenital digital anomaly |
1.31 |
1.18-1.45 |
1.01 |
Mandiracioglu et al. 116 (2004) |
Neural tube defects |
1.25 |
0.50-3.13 |
0.12 |
Martinez-Frias et al. 117 (2008) |
Gastroschisis |
1.81 |
0.96-3.41 |
0.23 |
McBride et al. 118 (1991) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.69 |
1.21-2.36 |
0.53 |
McDonald et al. 119 (1992) |
Birth defects |
1.07 |
0.98-1.17 |
1.04 |
McGlynn et al. 120 (2006) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.05 |
0.87-1.27 |
0.82 |
Miller et al. 121 (2009) |
Anorectal atresia |
1.15 |
0.91-1.45 |
0.73 |
Miller et al. 122 (2010) |
Holoprosencephaly |
0.90 |
0.47-1.71 |
0.22 |
Mitchell et al. 123 (2001) |
Oral fissures |
1.21 |
0.91-1.60 |
0.62 |
Morales-Suarez-Varela et al. 124 |
Birth defects |
1.10 |
1.00-1.20 |
1.03 |
(2006) |
|
|
|
|
Morgana et al. 125 (2008) |
Cryptorchidism |
0.71 |
0.46-1.10 |
0.38 |
Mori et al. 126 (1992) |
Cryptorchidism |
1.00 |
0.49-2.05 |
0.18 |
Mossey et al. 127 (2007) |
Oral fissures |
2.40 |
1.59-3.62 |
0.42 |
Munoz et al. 128 (2006) |
Anencephaly |
0.65 |
0.23-1.88 |
0.09 |
Mygind et al. 129 (2002) |
Birth defects |
1.19 |
0.94-1.51 |
0.72 |
Niebyl et al. 130 (1985) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
0.64 |
0.30-1.36 |
0.17 |
Noorgaard et al. 131 (2009) |
Hypospadias |
0.87 |
0.77-0.99 |
0.96 |
Oddsberg et al. 132 (2008) |
Esophageal atresia |
0.89 |
0.70-1.13 |
0.71 |
Ormond et al. 133 (2009) |
Hypospadias |
1.22 |
0.85-1.76 |
0.48 |
Parikh et al. 134 (2002) |
Renal agenesis |
1.49 |
0.99-2.25 |
0.42 |
Parker et al. 135 (2009) |
Crooked foot at birth |
1.53 |
1.18-1.99 |
0.67 |
Pierik et al. 136 (2004) |
Cryptorchidism; hypospadias |
1.45 |
0.92-2.29 |
0.37 |
Porter et al. 137 (2006) |
Hypospadias |
0.93 |
0.82-1.05 |
0.97 |
Preiksa et al. 138 (2006) |
Hypospadias |
1.58 |
0.94-2.65 |
0.31 |
Queissur-Luft et al. 139 (2002) |
Major birth defects |
1.00 |
0.83-1.20 |
0.84 |
Ramirez et al. 13 (2007) |
Oral fissures |
0.76 |
0.56-1.03 |
0.58 |
Rantakallio 140 (1978) |
All defects |
0.86 |
0.55-1.33 |
0.38 |
Reefhuis et al. 141 (1998) |
Crooked foot at birth |
1.21 |
1.13-1.29 |
1.07 |
Robitaille et al. 142 (2009) |
Limb reduction |
1.11 |
0.89-1.38 |
0.76 |
Rodriguez-Pinilla et al. 143 (2008) |
Hypospadias |
0.86 |
0.77-0.96 |
1.00 |
Romitti et al. 144 (2007) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.37 |
1.20-1.57 |
0.95 |
Salemi et al. 145 (2009) |
Gastroschisis |
0.97 |
0.74-1.28 |
0.64 |
Saxen 146 (1974) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
2.32 |
1.46-3.68 |
0.36 |
Schmidt et al. 147 (2009) |
Central nervous system defects |
0.90 |
0.73-1.10 |
0.80 |
Seidman et al. 148 (1990) |
Malformations |
1.04 |
0.89-1.21 |
0.90 |
Shaw et al. 149 (1992) |
Cardiovascular defects |
1.13 |
0.61-2.09 |
0.24 |
Shaw et al. 150 (1996) |
Neural tube defects |
0.85 |
0.61-1.18 |
0.53 |
Shaw et al. 151 (1996) |
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate |
1.55 |
1.12-2.14 |
0.55 |
Shaw et al. 152 (1999) |
Neural tube defects |
1.31 |
1.06-1.62 |
0.78 |
Shaw et al. 153 (2000) |
Multiple defects |
0.98 |
0.48-2.01 |
0.18 |
Shi et al. 154 (2007) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.28 |
1.09-1.51 |
0.89 |
Shiono et al. 155 (1986) |
Malformations |
0.90 |
0.83-0.98 |
1.04 |
Skelly et al. 156 (2002) |
Crooked foot at birth |
2.21 |
1.51-3.23 |
0.46 |
Slickers et al. 157 (2008) |
Renal agenesis or hypoplasia |
2.12 |
1.27-3.51 |
0.32 |
Smedts et al. 158 (2009) |
Heart defects |
0.81 |
0.54-1.21 |
0.43 |
Sorensen et al. 159 (2002) |
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis |
2.00 |
1.29-3.10 |
0.38 |
Reference (year) |
Type of defect |
OR |
95%CI |
Weight (%) * |
|
|
|
|
|
Steinberger et al. 160 (2002) |
Heart defects |
2.49 |
1.23-5.03 |
0.19 |
Stoll et al. 161 (1997) |
Musculoskeletal |
1.18 |
0.61-2.26 |
0.22 |
Stoll et al. 162 (2001) |
Anal atresia |
1.36 |
0.72-2.56 |
0.23 |
Suarez et al. 163 (2008) |
Neural tube defects |
2.65 |
1.40-5.00 |
0.22 |
Szendrey et al. 164 (1985) |
Esophageal atresia |
0.82 |
0.49-1.36 |
0.31 |
Tamura et al. 165 (2006) |
Oral fissures |
0.84 |
0.28-2.56 |
0.08 |
Targett et al. 166 (1977) |
Major malformations |
1.33 |
0.92-1.92 |
0.48 |
Tata et al. 167 (2008) |
Birth defects |
0.99 |
0.92-1.06 |
1.06 |
The et al. 168 (2007) |
Biliary atresia |
0.70 |
0.34-1.43 |
0.19 |
Tikkanen & Heinonen 169 (1991) |
Cardiovascular defects |
1.00 |
0.78-1.27 |
0.70 |
To & Tang 170 (1999) |
Birth defects |
1.32 |
0.94-1.85 |
0.53 |
Torfs et al. 171 (1994) |
Gastroschisis |
1.51 |
0.93-2.46 |
0.33 |
Tornquist et al. 172 (2002) |
Optic nerve hypoplasia |
1.61 |
1.08-2.40 |
0.43 |
Torp-Pedersen et al. 173 (2010) |
Strabismus |
1.26 |
1.11-1.42 |
0.97 |
Tuohy et al. 174 (1993) |
Birth defects |
1.18 |
0.85-1.63 |
0.54 |
Underwood et al. 175 (1965) |
Major malformations |
0.78 |
0.46-1.33 |
0.29 |
van den Boogaard et al. 176 (2008) |
Cleft lip |
1.57 |
0.92-2.67 |
0.29 |
van den Eeden et al. 177 (1990) |
General malformations |
1.00 |
0.91-1.10 |
1.02 |
van Rooij et al. 179 (2002) |
Spina bifida/facial cleft |
1.92 |
0.90-4.12 |
0.17 |
van Rooij et al. 178 (2001) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.12 |
0.58-2.16 |
0.21 |
Verkerk et al. 180 (1994) |
Birth defects |
1.12 |
0.59-2.11 |
0.22 |
Virtanen et al. 181 (2006) |
Cryptorchidism |
0.41 |
0.23-0.72 |
0.26 |
Wang et al. 182 (2009) |
Cleft lip; cleft palate |
1.50 |
0.52-4.34 |
0.09 |
Wasserman et al. 183 (1996) |
Limb reduction |
1.14 |
0.77-1.69 |
0.44 |
Watkins et al. 184 (1996) |
Spina bifida; anencephaly |
1.09 |
0.85-1.39 |
0.69 |
Watkins et al. 185 (2003) |
Birth defects |
1.36 |
0.96-1.93 |
0.50 |
Werler et al. 187 (2009) |
Hemifacial microsomia |
1.62 |
0.86-3.06 |
0.22 |
Werler et al. 189 (2009) |
Gastroschisis |
1.50 |
1.18-1.90 |
0.71 |
Werler et al. 186 (2003) |
Gastroschisis; intestinal atresia |
1.31 |
0.96-1.78 |
0.57 |
Werler et al. 188 (2009) |
Transverse limb reduction |
1.10 |
0.85-1.42 |
0.68 |
Williams et al. 14 (2004) |
Ventricular septal defects |
1.26 |
0.86-1.84 |
0.46 |
Wong-Gibbons et al. 190 (2008) |
Esophageal atresia; tracheoesophageal fistula |
1.68 |
0.99-2.86 |
0.29 |
Woods & Raju 191 (2001) |
Birth defects |
1.16 |
1.02-1.32 |
0.95 |
Wyszynski & Wu 192 (2002) |
Oral fissures |
1.12 |
0.96-1.30 |
0.91 |
Yerushalmy 193 (1971) |
Birth defects |
0.51 |
0.45-0.58 |
0.96 |
Yerushalmy 194 (1973) |
Heart defects |
0.90 |
0.61-1.34 |
0.45 |
Yuan et al. 195 (1995) |
Anal atresia |
1.32 |
0.59-2.95 |
0.15 |
Zeiger et al. 196 (2002) |
Craniosynostosis |
0.75 |
0.29-1.95 |
0.11 |
Meta-analysis |
|
1.18 |
1.14-1.22 |
100.00 |