Fried et al. 2 (2001) |
Longitudinal |
Demographic: age, gender, race Socioeconomic: schooling, income, living alone Diseases and health conditions: number of diseases, comorbidities (CVD, COPD, SAH, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cancer) Psycho-behavioral cognitive function, depressive symptoms Other: ADL, IADL, self-rated health, functional incapacity |
Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test |
Age |
Female gender, black race, poor self-rated health, living alone, number of diseases (2 or more), CVD, lung diseases, arthritis and diabetes, functional incapacity and depressive symptoms |
Income, schooling and cognitive function |
Measures used in operationalization of the frailty criterion were limited to those used during the data collection for other study purposes; weight at the beginning of study was self-reported |
Newman et al. 27 (2001) |
Longitudinal |
Demographic: age, gender, race Socioeconomic: schooling, income Diseases and health conditions: CVD Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, depressive symptoms Other: ADL, IADL, self-rated health, functional incapacity |
Bivariate analysis and multinomial logistic regression |
Age, gender and race |
Female gender, black race, CVD |
Income, schooling and cognitive function |
Use of self-reported measures; few details on fatigue and energy expenditure (Kcal); cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences |
Blaum et al. 33 (2005) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, race Socioeconomic: schooling Diseases and health conditions: CVD, COPD, osteoarthritis Nutritional status: BMI Other: functional status (ADL and IADL) |
Multinomial logistic regression |
All variables listed |
Pre-frailty and frailty: overweight/ obesity |
- |
- |
Woods et al. 29 (2005) |
Longitudinal |
Demographic: age, race Socioeconomic: schooling, income, living alone Diseases and health conditions: comorbidity (CVD, SAH, diabetes mellitus, fractures, COPD, arthritis, stroke) Lifestyle: smoking, alcohol use Nutritional status: BMI Psycho-behavioral: depressive symptoms Other: functional status (ADL) |
Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression |
All |
Age, black and Hispanic race, underweight and overweight/obesity (BMI), comorbidities, depressive symptoms, history of fall, functional incapacity, poor self-rated health, smoking |
Income, schooling, living alone, alcohol use |
Lack of information on physical activity and unintentional weight loss; study limited to sample of women, not possible to make inferences for men; low cognitive function may be confounder |
Hirsch et al. 25 (2006) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, race Socioeconomic: schooling, income Diseases and health conditions: CVD, SAH, COPD, diabetes mellitus and arthritis Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function Nutritional status: BMI |
Multinomial logistic regression |
Gender and obesity |
Non-obese blacks |
- |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; possible selection bias in subject recruitment; introduction of bias by excluding individuals with missing data |
Michelon et al. 17 (2006) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, race, marital status Socioeconomic: schooling, income Lifestyle: smoking, alcohol use Nutritional status: BMI, self-reported weight loss and low appetite Other: functional incapacity, self-rated health |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Age, black race, widowhood, smoking, self-reported weight loss, low appetite, use of dentures, problems with swallowing, poor self-rated health, BMI, functional incapacity |
Income, schooling, alcohol use |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; non- inclusion of dietary analyses |
Semba et al. 34 (2006) |
Longitudinal |
Demographic: age, race, marital status Socioeconomic: schooling, income Lifestyle: smoking, alcohol use Nutritional status: BMI, self-reported weight loss and low appetite Other: functional incapacity, self-rated health |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Age, CVD, low appetite |
BMI, schooling |
- |
Ávila-Funes et al. 16 (2008) |
Longitudinal |
Demographic: age, gender, race, marital status Socioeconomic: schooling, income, living alone Diseases and health conditions: CVD, COPD, diabetes mellitus, SAH, cancer and arthrosis Lifestyle: smoking, alcohol use Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function and depressive symptoms Nutritional status: food intake Other: functional incapacity, self-rated health |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Age, female gender, chronic diseases, functional incapacity, depressive symptoms, poor self-rated health |
Schooling, income, cognitive function, alcohol use and smoking |
Adaptation of scale from Fried et al. 2 for weight loss and grip strength |
Alvarado et al. 39 (2008) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, marital status Socioeconomic: schooling, socioeconomic status Diseases and health conditions: comorbidities, childhood and adulthood diseases Lifestyle: physical activity Other: social history |
Logistic regression |
Social history, comorbidity, gender, childhood diseases, schooling, occupation, marital status, socioeconomic status |
Female gender |
Living conditions in childhood |
Adaptation of scale from Fried et al. 2 for weight and gait speed; absence of mortality study; recall bias for information on poverty in childhood |
Chaves et al. 35 (2008) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, race Diseases and health conditions: CVD, diabetes mellitus Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, depressive symptoms Other: self-rated health |
Multivariate logistic regression |
- |
Age, depressive symptoms, CHF |
- |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences |
Endeshaw et al. 40 (2009) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, race Diseases and health conditions: SAH, diabetes mellitus, CVD, stroke Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function Nutritional status: BMI Other: functional status (ADL) |
Multivariate logistic regression |
- |
In men: age, black race, CVD, stroke In women: age, obesity |
- |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences |
Masel et al. 26 (2009) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, marital status Socioeconomic: schooling, difficulty paying expenses Diseases and health conditions: CVD, stroke, arthrosis, SAH, diabetes mellitus, fractures, number of comorbidities Nutritional status: BMI Other: quality of life |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Age, chronic diseases, arthritis, underweight (BMI), low quality of life |
Married, schooling, overweight (BMI) |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; ethnic homogeneity; some variables self-reported |
Ottenbacher et al. 41 (2009) |
Longitudinal |
Demographic: age, gender, marital status Socioeconomic: financial status, schooling Diseases and health conditions: CVD, stroke, arthritis, cancer, diabetes mellitus Lifestyle: smoking Nutritional status: weight, height Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function and depressive symptoms Other: functional status (ADL, IADL) |
Multiple linear regression |
All, in 3 models |
Age, history of smoking, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, BMI, depression, number of comorbidities |
Cognitive function |
Conditions and comorbidities self-reported; original sample excludes individuals that did not complete the performance tests required to calculate frailty construct. Persons that remained in the study represented the healthier members of the original sample |
Szanton et al. 36 (2009) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, race Socioeconomic: schooling Diseases and health conditions: number of chronic diseases Nutritional status: BMI Lifestyle: smoking |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Age, BMI |
Schooling |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences |
Wu et al. 42 (2009) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age Diseases and health conditions: SAH, diabetes mellitus, CHF, osteoarthritis Psycho-behavioral: depression Nutritional status: BMI, waist/hips ratio Lifestyle: smoking |
Bivariate analysis and logistic regression |
- |
Age, depression, waist/hips ratio (> 95cm) |
- |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; sample considered small |
Alcalá et al. 18 (2010) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, marital status Socioeconomic: schooling Diseases and health conditions: chronic diseases Other: functional status (ADL, IADL) |
Logistic regression |
Age, schooling, comorbidities, functional incapacity |
Age (> 85 years), comorbidities, functional incapacity |
Schooling |
Advanced age of participants (> 71 years), different socioeconomic characteristics and lack of homogeneity in measurement of frailty criteria may have influenced the observed differences |
Chang et al. 37 (2010) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, race Socioeconomic: schooling Diseases and health conditions: CKD, lung disease, CVD, diabetes mellitus, anemia, arthritis, peripheral artery disease, total number of inflammatory diseases Psycho-behavioral: depressive symptoms |
Multivariate logistic regression |
Age, race, schooling |
All diseases, depressive symptoms |
- |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; study limited to sample of women, cannot make inferences for men; sample with higher percentage of black women than the general population; imprecise estimate of CKD due to the diagnostic method used |
Chen et al. 28 (2010) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, marital status Socioeconomic: schooling Diseases and health conditions: CVD, gout, diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, COPD, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, arthritis, osteoporosis, ulcer, cancer, SAH, cataract, liver and gall bladder disease, number of comorbidities, geriatric syndromes Psycho-behavioral: depressive symptoms Other: functional incapacity |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Age, female gender, absence of spouse, functional incapacity, comorbidity for chronic diseases, depression, geriatric syndromes |
Schooling |
- |
Hubbard et al. 43 (2010) |
Cross-sectional |
Nutritional status: BMI, WC |
Logistic regression |
Age, gender, schooling, wealth/assets, smoking |
WC ≥ 88cm in women and ≥ 102cm in men |
- |
Adaptation of scale from Fried et al. 2 on criterion for weight loss |
Syddaal et al. 44 (2010) |
Longitudinal |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: socioeconomic status, schooling, number of cars, own home Lifestyle: physical activity, smoking, alcohol use |
Multivariate logistic regression |
Age, comorbidity, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, car |
In men: number of cars, age |
In men: schooling, own home In women: without own home |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; did not assess other socioeconomic variables like income; analysis of information bias: age and behaviors such as smoking and social factors such home ownership suffer neighborhood influence |
Szanton et al. 38 (2010) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, race Socioeconomics: schooling, income, number of home, poverty Diseases and health conditions: number of chronic diseases Lifestyle: smoking |
Multinomial logistic regression |
Race, schooling, smoking, state of insecurity, number of chronic diseases |
Black race |
Schooling, income |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; only considered white and black races |
Drey et al. 45 (2011) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: schooling Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, depressive symptoms Other: quality of life |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Number of diseases, depressive symptoms |
Cognitive function, quality of life |
- |
Giménez et al. 46 (2011) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: marital status, schooling, income, living alone Nutritional status: not malnourished /malnourished (MNA) Diseases and health conditions: comorbidity Psycho-behavioral: depressive symptoms Other: functional status (ADL, IADL) |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Female gender, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, functional dependency, malnutrition |
- |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences |
Garcia-Garcia et al. 47 (2011) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: conjugal status, mean years of schooling, educational level Diseases and health conditions: comorbidities (SAH, diabetes mellitus, CVD, COPD, peptic ulcer, fractures, osteoporosis, arthritis, dementia, Parkinson, cancer, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, kidney, thyroid, and liver diseases, high cholesterol, stroke) Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, depressive symptoms Other: functional status (ADL, IADL) |
Bivariate analysis |
- |
Age, CVD, Parkinson, stroke, dementia, COPD, hip fracture, depressive symptoms, functional dependency, cognitive impairment |
- |
- |
Hoeck et al. 48 (2011) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: socioeconomic status, schooling, income familiar, housing situation Diseases and health conditions: comorbidities Other: year of interview |
Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression |
Age, gender, comorbidity |
Comorbidities, Wallonia (Belgium), rented housing |
More recent interview year, schooling, family income |
- |
Danon-Hersch et al. 49 (2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: year of birth, gender Diseases and health conditions: number of chronic diseases (CVD, stroke, diabetes mellitus, SAH, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, arthritis), self-reported disease Other: functional status (ADL, IADL) |
Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression |
Gender, components of frailty |
Number of chronic diseases, diseases self-reported (except hypercholestero-lemia) |
Functional capacity, year of birth |
Since the analysis was from a cohort, losses of information may have occurred; differences in operationalization of the components in criterion from Fried et al. 2
|
Lakey et al. 50 (2012) |
Longitudinal |
Psycho-behavioral: depressive symptoms |
Multinomial logistic regression |
Age, income, schooling, race, living alone, BMI, self-rated health, ADL, smoking, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, SAH, diabetes mellitus, CVD, COPD, hip fracture, falls, arthritis, cancer, stroke, number of comorbidities |
Depressive symptoms |
- |
Lack of information on indication for antidepressants, dosage, and treatment adherence |
Bastos-Barbosa et al. 51 (2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, race Socioeconomic: schooling, income, conjugal status, work Diseases and health conditions: blood pressure, number of diseases, comorbidities (SAH, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism) Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function Nutritional status: BMI, waist circumference |
Fixed-effects linear models and ANOVA |
Age, gender |
Systolic and diastolic pressure, waist circumference |
- |
Selection of frail and non-frail participants according to specific criteria, which does not allow extrapolating to other elderly; small sample: results cannot be extrapolated to populations with very different living conditions |
Jürschik et al. 52 (2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, race Socioeconomic: schooling, income, conjugal status, work, living alone Diseases and health conditions: number of comorbidities Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, depressive symptoms, quality of life, social relations Lifestyle: smoking, alcohol consumption Nutritional status: nutritional risk (MNA), BMI, waist circumference Other: functional status (ADL, IADL), self-rated health |
Bivariate analysis and logistic regression |
- |
Age, female gender, conjugal status widowed or single, smoking, alcohol consumption, number of comorbidities, functional incapacity, depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, risk of malnutrition, visual impairment, poor self-rated health |
Social interaction, quality of life |
Modification of criterion for unintentional weight loss; cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences |
Chang et al. 53 (2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: Living alone Diseases and health conditions: blood pressure, number of comorbidities, diseases (SAH, diabetes mellitus, CVD, arthritis, peptic ulcer) Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life, social relations |
Bivariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis |
Age, number of comorbidities, living alone, falls in previous year, arthritis, peptic ulcer, depression |
Age, number of comorbidities, living alone, arthritis, peptic ulcer, depression |
Components of health-related quality of life scale, like physical and mental |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; study population predominantly urban, which does not allow extrapolating the findings to the rural population; small sample of frail elderly; lack of specific cutoff points for components of the diagnostic criterion for frailty in the study population; low response rate due to exclusion of many comorbidities |
Sousa et al. 54 (2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender, race Socioeconomic: conjugal status, family arrangement, household situation, schooling, monthly income, occupation Diseases and health conditions: comorbidities, chronic diseases (SAH, diabetes mellitus, CVD, malignant tumors, arthritis or rheumatism, lung diseases, stroke, osteoporosis) Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, depressive symptoms Other: falls, functional status (ADL, IADL), self-rated health |
Bivariate analysis and binary logistic regression |
Socio-demographic factors, functional status, chronic diseases, self-rated health |
Advanced age osteoporosis, stroke, depression, falls, presence of comorbidities, functional dependency, poor self-rated health |
- |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences |
Neri et al. 55 (2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: family income, family arrangement Diseases and health conditions: number of chronic diseases (SAH, diabetes mellitus, CVD, cancer, arthritis or rheumatism, ischemia, stroke, depression, osteoporosis) Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, depressive symptoms Other: perception of social support, social isolation |
Bivariate analysis and univariate and multivariate logistic regression |
- |
No factors significantly associated with frailty were found |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; difficulty in controlling each variable’s effect; limitations in design and sample size; unequal number of men and women in sample; lack of information on care |
Schnittger et al. 56 (2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: educational level, living alone Diseases and health conditions: age-adjusted comorbidity index Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, psychological status Nutritional status: nutritional risk (MNA), BMI Other: functional status (ADL, IADL) |
Bivariate analysis and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test |
- |
Psychological distress (mood, stress, neuroticism, and emotional loneliness) |
- |
Cross-sectional study, does not allow causal inferences; dimensions of psychological distress measured are specific to the study population, and cannot be generalized to other population |
Casale-Martínez et al. 57(2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Socioeconomic: educational level, parents’ educational level, conjugal status, household assets and situation, socioeconomic status, employment benefits, occupational history, friends and family members living in the same neighborhood, financial support Diseases and health conditions: childhood history Psycho-behavioral: ability to make important decisions Other: religion, volunteer work, abuse |
Multinomial logistic regression |
- |
Not having companion, not making important decisions, poor economic status, abuse |
Employment benefits |
- |
Macuco et al. 58 (2012) |
Cross-sectional |
Demographic: age, gender Socioeconomic: years of schooling, monthly family income Psycho-behavioral: cognitive function, loneliness, adverse life events Other: functional status (IADL) |
Bivariate analysis and univariate and multivariate linear regression |
- |
Age |
Cognitive function, years of schooling, monthly family income |
Rigid exclusion criteria; high number of younger elderly in the ample; cross-sectional study, no follow-up of cohort |