Berkowitz et al. 34 (Philadelphia, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 78 Score = 14 |
Inclusion: maternal age > 18 years old, caucasian. Offspring healthy, uncomplicated full-term births. Exclusion: maternal gestational diabetes. Offspring: gestational age < 36 or > 42 weeks, low or high birth weight for gestational age |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
DEXA, at 6 years of age |
Maternal: family income, obesity risk. Offspring: gender, weight at age two |
Burdette et al. 35 (Cincinnati, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 313 Score = 15 |
Inclusion: father and mother of same race. Offspring: full-term birth, no chronic diseases |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
DEXA, at 5 years of age |
Maternal: race, age, education, smoking during pregnancy, marital status, family income, nutrition program. Offspring: gender, lean mass, birth weight, breastfeeding, overfeeding |
Sewell et al. 29 (Cleveland, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 220 Score = 15 |
Inclusion: pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance, singleton pregnancy. Exclusion: maternally or gestational diabetes mellitus. Offspring: birth weight < 2,000g, congenital anomalies |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
TOBEC, at 72 hours after birth |
None |
Gestational weight gain |
Maternal: glucose, smoking during pregnancy. Offspring: gestational age, gender |
Gale et al. 28 (Southampton, UK) |
Prospective cohort N = 216 Score = 18 |
Inclusion: maternal: caucasian, age ≥ 16 years, singleton pregnancy. Exclusion: maternal gestational diabetes, hormonal therapy for pregnancy. Offspring: gestational age < 17 weeks |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
DEXA, at 9 years of age |
Maternal: height, gestational weight gain, smoking during pregnancy. Offspring: height, birth weight, breastfeeding, conditional weight gain |
Gestational weight gain |
Maternal: height, smoking during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI. Offspring: height, birth weight, breastfeeding, conditional weight gain |
Lawlor et al. 38 (Avon, UK) |
Prospective cohort N = 3,263 Score = 17 |
Inclusion: singleton pregnancy |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
DEXA, at 9-11 years of age |
Height and height squared at time of DEXA assessment, gender, age, family social class, parental education, parity, parental smoking at time of pregnancy, offspring pubertal status at time of DEXA assessment, breastfeeding |
Hull et al. 5 (Oklahoma City, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 72 Score = 15 |
Inclusion: maternal: age at delivery 18-45 years old. Offspring: healthy, full-term birth. Exclusion: maternal smoking and excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy, diabetes type 1, 2 or gestational diabetes. Offspring: congenital anomalies |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
ADP, at first 35 days of age |
Age of children at time of visit |
Crozier et al. 42 (Southampton, UK) |
Prospective cohort N = 948 Score = 15 |
|
Gestational weight gain |
ADP, at birth, age 4 years, age 6 years of age |
Maternal: pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, age, height, parity, education. Offspring: birth weight, height, duration of breastfeeding, gender, age at time of assessment |
Hull et al. 6 (New York, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 306 Score = 15 |
Inclusion: healthy, full-term birth, singleton pregnancy. Exclusion: maternal diabetes, hypertension or pre-eclampsia. Offspring: congenital anomalies, admission to ICU |
Maternal pre- pregnancy BMI |
ADP, at 24-48 hours after birth |
None |
Gestational weight gain |
Maternal: skin color/race, age. Offspring: gender, gestational age, age at the time of the assessment |
Au et al. 27 (Sydney, Australia) |
Retrospective cohort N = 599 Score = 15 |
Inclusion: full-term birth, living within the geographical area of the health service. Exclusion: maternal gestational diabetes. Offspring: congenital anomalies or admission to ICU |
Maternal pre- pregnancy BMI |
ADP, at 48 hours after birth |
Maternal: ethnicity, parity, hypertension, gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes mellitus status. Offspring: gender, gestational age |
Josefson et al. 41 (Chicago, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 38 Score = 13 |
Inclusion: maternal normal diabetes screening test in normal-weight |
Gestational weight gain |
ADP, at 72 hours after birth |
None |
Henriksson et al. 44 (Linkoping, Sweden) |
Prospective cohort N = 312 Score = 15 |
Inclusion: healthy offspring, singleton, full-term. Exclusion: Maternal: pre-eclampsia, lack of pregnancy weight, serious disease. |
Gestational weight gain |
ADP, at 2 to 11 days of age |
Maternal: smoking habits, parity, educational level. Offspring: height |
Carlsen et al. 32 (Copenhagen, Denmark) |
Randomized controlled trial N = 311 Score = 24 |
Inclusion: offspring: singleton, full-term. Exclusion: maternal; chronic disease, pre-eclampsia. Offspring: congenital malformations, admission to ICU |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
DEXA, within 48 hours after at birth |
Maternal: age, education level, smoking habits |
Estampador et al. 43 (Vasterbotten, Sweden) |
Prospective cohort N = 33 Score = 23 |
Inclusion: singleton pregnancy |
Rate of gestational weight gain |
ADP, at 4 months of age |
None |
Tanvig et al. 39 (Odense, Denmark) |
Randomized controlled trial N = 86 Score = 23 |
Inclusion: offspring: singleton, healthy, caucasian mother. Exclusion: maternal diabetes, pre-existing hypertensive disorders, mental illness |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
DEXA, at 2.5 to 3 years of age |
None |
Perng et al. 30 (Boston, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 848 Score = 16 |
Inclusion: singleton pregnancy. Exclusion: maternal diabetes, gestation length less than 34 weeks |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI Gestational weight gain |
DEXA, at 6-10 years of age |
Maternal race/ethnicity, parity |
Pereira-da-Silva et al. 40 (Lisbon, Portugal) |
Retrospective cohort N = 100 Score = 15 |
Inclusion: proper medical surveillance, singleton full-term neonate, adequade gestational age *, healthy offspring Exclusion: adverse conditions potentially affecting fetal nutrition and growth, reported consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
ADP, at 72 hours after birth |
Percentage of total energy value from carbohydrate or from protein |
Shapiro et al. 33 (Denver, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 951 Score = 16 |
Exclusion: preexisting diabetes type 1 or 2, a prior premature birth or fetal death, asthma with steroid management, serious psychiatric illness or a current multiple pregnancy |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
ADP, at 48 hours after birth |
|
Starling et al. 37 (Denver, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 826 Score = 16 |
Exclusion: preexisting diabetes type 1 or 2, a prior premature birth or fetal death, asthma with steroid management, serious psychiatric illness or a current multiple pregnancy |
Maternal pre-pregnancy-BMI |
ADP, at ≤ 3 days of age |
|
Castillo et al. 31 (Pelotas, Brazil) |
Prospective cohort N = 3,156 Score = 18 |
Inclusion: singleton pregnancy |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI Gestational weight gain |
ADP, at 6 years |
Maternal: family income, schooling at birth, skin color, age, parity, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, history of arterial hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, gestational age. Offspring: birthweight and sex. |
Andrés et al. 36 (Kansas City, USA) |
Prospective cohort N = 325 Score = 17 |
Inclusion: pregnancy uncomplicated, nonsmokers, who denied alcohol use during pregnancy. Singleton full-term offspring, exclusively breast-fed until at least age 6 months |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI |
DEXA, at 6 years |
Maternal: race, gestational age. Offspring: birthweight and mode of infant feeding. |