Cad Saude Publica
csp
Cadernos de Saúde Pública
Cad. Saúde Pública
0102-311X
1678-4464
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
El apoyo social es un importante predictor para el mantenimiento de la actividad física en la adolescencia, por ello, el enfoque socioecológico valora el impacto de la interacción entre individuos, o grupos con recursos disponibles en el entorno social, con el fin de adoptar un estilo de vida activo. Por lo tanto, este estudio analiza el apoyo social de las relaciones de familia y amigos para la práctica de actividad física de adolescentes. Utilizando la Teoría Ecológica Social, aplicamos modelos de ecuaciones, desde una perspectiva observacional con diseño transversal, en la que participaron 2.710 brasileños adolescentes, de 14 a 18 años de edad. Fue posible identificar que cuanto mayor era el apoyo social de los amigos (β = 0,30; RMSEA = 0,065; CFI = 0,953; TLI = 0,922; SRMR = 0,048), al igual que el apoyo social de la familia, mayor era la actividad física de los adolescentes (β = 0,27; RMSEA = 0,015; CFI = 0,997; TLI = 0,995; SRMR = 0,013). Sin embargo, el respaldo de ambas fuentes en el mismo modelo de análisis no indicó valores de ajuste adecuados. Los resultados sugieren que los adolescentes que percibieron un apoyo social de los miembros de la familia o amigos tienen niveles mejores de actividad física. Este resultado confirma que el apoyo social es un importante promotor de la práctica de actividad física.
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) 1 found that physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for death worldwide, second only to high blood pressure, tobacco use, and high blood glucose. Adolescence is considered a decisive period for adopting adequate physical activity behaviors, as these benefit bone health, prevent chronic noncommunicable diseases 2,3,4, and are considered a determining factor in active behavior throughout life 5.
The literature shows that social support is an important predictor for the maintenance of physical activity in adolescence 6,7,8,9. As a facilitator to physical activity, this construct substantiates theoretical models such as social cognitive, behavior modification, social learning, and social ecological theories 10. Theoretical models studies on health promotion allows us to understand lifestyle behaviors, such as physical activity.
Among these models, the social-ecological approach values the impact of individuals or groups interaction with available resources in the social environment for adopting an active lifestyle 9,11,12,13. Personal attributes within the social environment and the creation of an interpersonal network are key references for developing positive and negative habits related to physical activity during adolescence 9,14. Thus, we may understand social support as a complex and multidimensional construct that helps comprehending how different relationships either positively or negatively influence the way individuals deal with possible adversities during their development 15.
Family setting is considered an important source of support for the practice of physical activity during adolescence 8,9,11,16 for facilitating active behavior by different mechanisms - encouraging situations that favor physical activity, proposing different practice strategies, and providing instrumental support and company during the physical activity 17,18. Another important source of social support are friends; as adolescents spend a considerable amount of time with their colleagues, with whom they coexist in common settings such as school and clubs 19,20, they may also be considered relevant shapers of active behaviors.
Regardless of the presence of social support from family and friends, promoting the practice of physical activity among adolescents is an important matter. Yet, few studies employed methods of analysis that enable the evaluation of a complex mechanism, such as the social support construct, by decomposing effects. Active behavior development processes within a context may vary according to individual personal attributes and perceived social environment (family and friends) 11,12,21.
Understanding the perceived social support from family and friends for the practice of physical activity among different adolescent populations is necessary to provide subsidies, promote, and increase physical activity levels within this age group. Previous studies on this topic begin by direct relationship analyses; accordingly, structural equation modeling allows us to test mediation models under a theoretical construction using observational data. Considering that, this study aims to analyze the relationship between social support from family and friends and the practice of physical activity in adolescents from a region in Southern Brazil.
Methods
An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with 24,353 adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years, enrolled in 67 public high schools in Greater Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Using random, cluster, and proportional methods, sampling was calculated according to the number of adolescents enrolled in the public school system. Based on the proportion distribution formula proposed by Luiz & Magnanini 22, we adopted a 3% sample error, 95% confidence interval, 50% prevalence, and 2.0 design effect, resulting in a required sample of 2,048 students.
With the approval of the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC; permit n. 501.582), the schools and classes that would compose the sample were randomly selected. Due to the type of clustering, 25 public schools were systematically selected and proportionally distributed among the 13 municipalities that compose the Greater Florianopolis by region and population density. In total, 19 schools were randomly selected and six automatically recruited for being the only ones within their municipality. Then, 126 classes were selected with proportional distribution per grade and study shift (morning, afternoon, etc.). All students were invited to participate in the study upon presentation of the signed free and informed consent form, resulting in a final sample of 2,710 adolescents.
A short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to verify adolescent’s physical activity level. The instrument was proposed by the International Consensus Group on Physical Activity Measurement, founded by the WHO, with representatives in 25 countries, including Brazil 23. It addresses questions on how much time did participants spend on vigorous and moderate physical activities and walks during the last seven days. Adolescents were classified into “meeting the recommendations” and “not meeting the recommendations”, according to WHO recommendation of 60 minutes of daily moderate and vigorous physical activity 1.
Social support for the practice of physical activity was measured using the Social Support for Exercise Behaviors survey instrument - created by a group coordinated by James F. Sallis 24 and validated for Brazilian adolescents by Reis & Sallis 25. It comprises two scales: perceived support from family and perceived support from friends, both composed of 13 statements regarding support for the practice of physical activity. In this survey, adolescents must assign a score to each statement on an ordinal scale (0 = never; 1 = almost never; 2 = sometimes; 3 = frequent; 4 = very frequent). The final score is the sum of each scale assigned scores.
Our study sample was characterized using descriptive statistics, with means, standard deviations, and frequency distributions. The Spearman’s correlation was used to verify collinearity between social support from family and friends. All analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS statistics 20.0 software (https://www.ibm.com). A structural equation modeling analysis was conducted to evaluate direct associations between social support from family and friends and the practice of physical activity in adolescents. Parameters were estimated by the Asymptotically Distribution Free (ADF) method using the Stata 13 software (http://www.stata.com).
Adjustment evaluation was performed using the following parameters: root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) - where values below 0.08 indicate adequate adjustment; goodness of fit index (GFI); Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), where values must be equal to or greater than 0.90 to indicate adequate-fitting model 26; and a standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) below 0.05 27.
Initially, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to analyze family social support and friends social support. After confirmation, both constructs were treated as latent variables with three plots including indicators with common characteristics: the first included indicators related to emotional support, the second to informational support, and the third to tangible 28,29. Then, the measurement model was analyzed to verify whether the latent variables (social support from family and social support from friends) were correlated.
After that, the structural model was initially developed including three constructs: physical activity, perceived social support from family, and perceived social support from friends. Physical activity was treated as an indicator, based on WHO classification of physical activity (whether or not meeting the recommendations), and perceived social support from family and friends as latent variables. Different models were created including a single source of social support within each. We adopted this strategy because the measurement model showed that, when jointly analyzed, the two social support scales failed in adequately fitting quality indicators. The gender indicator was also included in all models for demonstrating powerful interactive effects on adolescents’ physical activity, as different physical activity levels between girls and boys are widely reported in the literature 30.
Results
The sample comprised 2,710 adolescents, among which 57.9% were female and mean age was 16.90 (SD = 1.02) years. Regarding physical activity classification, 57.8% of the adolescents did not meet WHO recommendations for weekly physical activity. As for perceived social support, the mean was relatively low for family support, 12.15 (SD = 10.52) points, and for friends support, 14.55 (SD = 11.51), on a scale ranging from 0 to 52.
Polychoric correlation tested the internal consistency between the items of each scale on perceived social support. According to data presented in Table 1, all items were correlated (p > 0.05), confirming the instrument good internal consistency.
Table 1
Correlation between indicators of the instrument for social support from family and friends.
Family social support items
SF1
SF2
SF3
SF4
SF5
SF6
SF7
SF8
SF9
SF10
SF11
SF12
SF13
SF1
1.00
SF2
0.71
1.00
SF3
0.46
0.54
1.00
SF4
0.51
0.57
0.73
1.00
SF5
0.65
0.64
0.55
0.61
1.00
SF6
0.47
0.53
0.56
0.63
0.54
1.00
SF7
0.27
0.27
0.38
0.34
0.39
0.31
1.00
SF8
0.20
0.14
0.20
0.14
0.32
0.14
0.62
1.00
SF9
0.41
0.39
0.43
0.51
0.55
0.44
0.40
0.40
1.00
SF10
0.46
0.50
0.37
0.48
0.53
0.50
0.21
0.14
0.52
1.00
SF11
0.47
0.45
0.53
0.60
0.65
0.53
0.41
0.29
0.61
0.58
1.00
SF12
0.46
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.51
0.42
0.31
0.54
0.53
0.66
1.00
SF13
0.51
0.54
0.47
0.54
0.60
0.59
0.35
0.24
0.50
0.53
0.60
0.68
1.00
Friends social support items
SA1
SA2
SA3
SA4
SA5
SA6
SA7
SA8
SA9
SA10
SA11
SA12
SA13
SA1
1.00
SA2
0.75
1.00
SA3
0.51
0.61
1.00
SA4
0.53
0.62
0.75
1.00
SA5
0.61
0.64
0.65
0.70
1.00
SA6
0.47
0.56
0.62
0.67
0.61
1.00
SA7
0.31
0.36
0.43
0.41
0.49
0.32
1.00
SA8
0.26
0.27
0.36
0.34
0.40
0.25
0.66
1.00
SA9
0.37
0.38
0.42
0.44
0.54
0.34
0.55
0.61
1.00
SA10
0.41
0.50
0.47
0.55
0.55
0.52
0.33
0.30
0.52
1.00
SA11
0.48
0.50
0.54
0.60
0.65
0.54
0.49
0.42
0.59
0.62
1.00
SA12
0.44
0.50
0.59
0.61
0.60
0.56
0.49
0.44
0.53
0.56
0.68
1.00
SA13
0.48
0.56
0.57
0.63
0.58
0.65
0.38
0.28
0.44
0.53
0.59
0.70
1.00
Note: S + F (item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family) + item number; S + A (item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends) + item number.
The confirmatory analysis of each social support scale verified adequate adjustment indexes for social support from family (RMSEA = 0.032; TLI = 0.908; CFI = 0.941; SRMR = 0.029) and friends (RMSEA = 0.036; TLI = 0.909; CFI = 0.939; SRMR = 0.045) (Figure 1).
Figure 1
Confirmatory factor analysis of Social Support for Exercise Behaviors for family and friends scales.
Note: S + F (item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family) + item number; S + A (item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends) + item number.
As for measurement model between perceived social support from family and perceived social support from friends, we found no adequate adjustment values (RMSEA = 0.172; CFT = 0.768; TLI = 0.565; SRMR = 0.068) (Figure 2).
Figure 2
Measurement model between perceived social support from family and perceived social support from friends.
SSA: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends; SSF: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family.
By including perceived social support from family and friends and physical activity in the structural equations modeling analysis and considering gender as an indicator of physical activity we found inadequate adjustment indexes, indicating that the general model was not confirmed (RMSEA = 0.159; CFT = 0.513; TLI = 0.318; SRMR = 0.236) (Figure 3).
Figure 3
Final model for analysis between physical activity and perceived social support from family and friends.
SSA: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends; SSF: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family.
We found adequate adjustment values in the model for physical activity and perceived family social support (Figure 4). These results indicate a direct relationship between social support and physical activity classification (β = 0.27; p < 0.001), as well as gender (β = 0.12; p < 0.001). The model reached a considerably high explanatory value (r2 = 0.88) and adequate adjustment indicators (RMSEA = 0.015; CFI = 0.997; TLI = 0.995; SRMR = 0.013).
Figure 4
Analysis model between physical activity and family social support.
SSF: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family.
The model with perceived social support from friends, physical activity, and gender, presented in Figure 5, show adequate adjustment index values (RMSEA = 0.065; CFI = 0.953; TLI = 0.922; SRMR = 0.048), confirming the relationship between social support (β = 0.20; p < 0.001) and gender (β = 0.085; p < 0.001) with physical activity. The model had a strong explanatory power (r2 = 0.88).
Figure 5
Analysis model between physical activity and friends social support.
SSA: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends.
Discussion
Our main results indicate that, when subjected to a structural model, the perceived social support from family and friends influence adolescents’ physical activity, reinforcing the ecological approach to studies on health-related behaviors by the premise that different social settings foster different types of behaviors. Our data confirm that physical activity practiced by adolescents tend to be influenced by their social environments 6,11,12,21.
The constructs of social support from family and friends presented adequate values in the confirmatory factor analysis. All items composing the instrument evaluate the same construct: the perceived social support for each scale, family and friends. Such construct is supported by the unifactorial structure test of the scale applied to adolescents, since items correlations were statistically significant among each other, as well as scales total score 26,31. The confirmatory analysis of Social Support for Exercise Behaviors items helped validating the instrument for Brazilian adolescents 2, showing an adequate reliability and internal consistency for this population.
In this study, adolescents with a higher perceived social support from family presented higher levels of physical activity, corroborating results reported in the literature, which indicates that family social support plays an important role in active behavior during adolescence 7,8. This may be explained by the fact that families, especially parents, teach skills and defend beliefs that help adolescents shape important attitudes and behaviors towards physical activity 32. Family setting is considered the most conducive structure to healthy development changes during adolescence 11. Although adolescence experiences vary according to the contexts, the family promotes transformations in behavioral patterns 33 and adolescents who perceive their support for practicing physical activity end up by adopting healthy habits and becoming physically active.
Another relevant finding in this study was that the high perceived social support from friends was directly related to higher levels of physical activity, corroborating other studies on this subject 9,17,34. A review performed by Mendonça et al. 8 found friends to be the most consistent source of social support in the association between overall physical activity and social support. Friends influence in the practice of physical activity may result from social norms, imposed by themselves, to suit the group 19. That occurs because adolescents adopt behaviors based on those of friends within their social environment, as friendship networks are built according to shared interests, attitudes, and behaviors 12,19,34.
We found a peculiarity regarding the employed structural models, whereby analyses on social support from family and friends, when in the same structural model, failed in presenting acceptable adjustment indexes. This may be technically justified by the fact that the measurement model (the previous step) between the two scales showed inadequate adjustment indicators values; if indicators are inadequate in the measurement model, the structural model will follow the same trend 27. These results theoretically indicate that adolescents who perceive receiving support for practicing physical activity from at least one of the sources tend to present better physical activity levels. Another important factor is the way through which support is provided. Family members tend to encourage their children to practice physical activity through different means, such as providing transportation and equipment; in turn, friends tend to offer greater social support by inviting colleagues to practice physical activities 8, which may lead to a disparity in the overall individual models.
We found considerably low averages of perceived social support from family and friends among adolescents, as well as a low factorial load of the direct relationship between social support from both family and friends and physical activity. Meta-analysis studies on this subject 6,7 found positive effects (although relatively modest) on the association between social support and physical activity among adolescents. Their results suggest that support from family and friends influences physical activity; however, the low associations suggest that social support explains part of the variation in activity-related behavior in adolescents 6.
Our study has some limitations. Physical activity, for example, was measured in a general manner (sum of moderate and vigorous physical activity), possibly underestimating activity levels. Physical activity was also evaluated using a subjective method and, even though the employed instrument has acceptable measurement properties to monitor habitual physical activity levels in adolescents older than 14 years 23, self-reporting evaluation imply a potential bias regarding subjectivity. Even so, questionnaires were deemed the best choice for the logistics of evaluating large sample sizes and are widely used in epidemiological studies.
Our study strength is using an analysis. model that estimates the strength of all hypostatized relationships in a theoretical scheme, besides using the confirmatory analysis to verify whether the items that comprise the instrument really evaluate the same construct - social support. Only individual models with social support from family or friends had adequate adjustment indexes, possibly indicating that social support and its effects on adolescents are inherent to social environments.
Conclusion
Considering the investigated factors, we identified that social support from family or friends was associated with the practice of physical activity among adolescents from a region in Southern Brazil, as they presented better physical activity levels when they perceived support from at least one of these sources. Thus, the data indicate that the construct is an important promoter of physical activity and should be considered in intervention programs focused on promoting better physical activity levels in this age group. Our results are important to better understand adolescents’ active behavior, which, although individual, is also influenced by context characteristics and social relationships.
Understanding the determinants of physical activity is essential to support new strategies to reduce sedentary behavior. Supporting or promoting social environment for the development of healthy habits and lifestyles has been a prevention strategy adopted in different public health areas. Thus, physical activity promotion programs should develop strategies focused not only on the individual, but also in increasing the support from social networks involving this group.
Acknowledgments
To Brazilian Graduate Studies Coordinating Board (CAPES) for the financial support. To Dr. Juliana Silva, who contributed to the research design and development.
References
1
1. World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
World Health Organization
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases
2014
Geneva
World Health Organization
2
2. Ho FKW, Louvie LHT, Chow CB, Wong WH, Ip P. Activity improves mental health through resilience in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:48-57.
Ho
FKW
Louvie
LHT
Chow
CB
Wong
WH
Ip
P
Activity improves mental health through resilience in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents
BMC Pediatr
2015
15
48
57
3
3. Marques A, Calmeiro L, Loureiro N, Frasquilho D, Matos MG. Health complaints among adolescents: associations with more screen-based behaviours and less physical activity. J Adolesc 2015; 44:150-7.
Marques
A
Calmeiro
L
Loureiro
N
Frasquilho
D
Matos
MG
Health complaints among adolescents associations with more screen-based behaviours and less physical activity
J Adolesc
2015
44
150
157
4
4. Kapcakova J, Vaselska ZD, Geckova AM, Djk JP, Rejonoveld S. Is being a boy and feeling fat a barrier for physical activity? The association between body image, gender and physical activity among adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014; 11:1167-76.
Kapcakova
J
Vaselska
ZD
Geckova
AM
Djk
JP
Rejonoveld
S
Is being a boy and feeling fat a barrier for physical activity The association between body image, gender and physical activity among adolescents
Int J Environ Res Public Health
2014
11
1167
1176
5
5. Bélanger M, Sabiston CM, Barnett TA, O'Loughlin E, Ward S, Contreras G, et al. Number of years of participation in some, but not all, types of physical activity during adolescence predicts level of physical activity in adulthood: results from a 13-year study. Int J Behav Nut Phys Act 2015; 12:76.
Bélanger
M
Sabiston
CM
Barnett
TA
O'Loughlin
E
Ward
S
Contreras
G
Number of years of participation in some, but not all, types of physical activity during adolescence predicts level of physical activity in adulthood: results from a 13-year study.
Int J Behav Nut Phys Act
2015
12:76
12:76
6
6. Laird Y, Fawkner S, Kelly P, Mcnamee L, Niven A. The role of social support on physical activity behaviour in adolescent girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nut Phys Act 2016; 13:79.
Laird
Y
Fawkner
S
Kelly
P
Mcnamee
L
Niven
A
The role of social support on physical activity behaviour in adolescent girls a systematic review and meta-analysis
Int J Behav Nut Phys Act
2016
13
79
79
7
7. Yao CA, Rhodes RE. Parental correlates in child and adolescente physical activity: a meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nut Phys Act 2015; 12:10.
Yao
CA
Rhodes
RE
Parental correlates in child and adolescente physical activity a meta-analysis
Int J Behav Nut Phys Act
2015
12
10
10
8
8. Mendonça G, Cheng LA, Mélo EN, Farias Junior JC. Physical activity and social support in adolescent: a systematic review. Health Educ Res 2014; 29:822-39.
Mendonça
G
Cheng
LA
Mélo
EN
Farias
JC
Junior
Physical activity and social support in adolescent: a systematic review.
Health Educ Res
2014
29
822
839
9
9. Silva P, Lott R, Mota J, Welk G. Direct and indirect effects of social support on youth physical activity behavior. Pedriatr Exerc Sci 2014; 26:86-94.
Silva
P
Lott
R
Mota
J
Welk
G
Direct and indirect effects of social support on youth physical activity behavior
Pedriatr Exerc Sci
2014
26
86
94
10
10. Elder JP, Ayala GX, Harris S. Teories and intervention approaches to health-behavior change in primary care. Am J Prev Med 1990; 17:275-84.
Elder
JP
Ayala
GX
Harris
S
Teories and intervention approaches to health-behavior change in primary care
Am J Prev Med
1990
17
275
284
11
11. Belanger-Gravel A, Gauvin L, Fagarge F, Lafete M. Correlates and moderators of physical activity in parent-twee dyads: a socio-ecological perspective. Public Health 2015; 129:1218-23.
Belanger-Gravel
A
Gauvin
L
Fagarge
F
Lafete
M
Correlates and moderators of physical activity in parent-twee dyads a socio-ecological perspective
Public Health
2015
129
1218
1223
12
12. Simpkins SD, Schaefer DR, Prince CD, Vest AE. Adolescent friendships, BMI, and physical activity: untangling selection and influence through longitudinal social network analysis. J Res Adolesc 2012; 23:537-49.
Simpkins
SD
Schaefer
DR
Prince
CD
Vest
AE
Adolescent friendships, BMI, and physical activity untangling selection and influence through longitudinal social network analysis
J Res Adolesc
2012
23
537
549
13
13. Reimers AK, Jekauc D, Mess F, Mewes N, Woll A. Validity and reliability of a self-report instrument to assess social support and physical environmental correlates of physical activity in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:705.
Reimers
AK
Jekauc
D
Mess
F
Mewes
N
Woll
A
Validity and reliability of a self-report instrument to assess social support and physical environmental correlates of physical activity in adolescents
BMC Public Health
2012
12
705
705
14
14. Yunes MAM, Juliano MC. A bioecologia do desenvolvimento humano e suas interfaces com educação ambiental. Cadernos de Educação 2010; 37:347-79.
Yunes
MAM
Juliano
MC
A bioecologia do desenvolvimento humano e suas interfaces com educação ambiental
Cadernos de Educação
2010
37
347
379
15
15. Marôco JP, Campos JADB, Vinagre MG, Pais-Ribeiro JL. Adaptação transcultural Brasil-Portugal da escala de satisfação com o suporte social para estudantes do Ensino Superior. Psicol Reflex Crít 2014; 27:247-56.
Marôco
JP
Campos
JADB
Vinagre
MG
Pais-Ribeiro
JL
Adaptação transcultural Brasil-Portugal da escala de satisfação com o suporte social para estudantes do Ensino Superior
Psicol Reflex Crít
2014
27
247
256
16
16. Spurr S, Bally J, Trinder K. Predictors of physical activity in positive deviant adolescentes. J Pediatr Nurs 2016; 31:311-8.
Spurr
S
Bally
J
Trinder
K
Predictors of physical activity in positive deviant adolescentes
J Pediatr Nurs
2016
31
311
318
17
17. Cheng LA, Mendonça G, Farias Junior JC. Physical activity in adolescents: analysis of social influence of parents and friends. J Pediatr (Rio J.) 2014; 90:35-41.
Cheng
LA
Mendonça
G
Farias
JC
Junior
Physical activity in adolescents: analysis of social influence of parents and friends.
J Pediatr (Rio J.)
2014
90
35
41
18
18. Beets M, Cardinal B, Aldeman B. Parental social support and the physical activity-related behaviors of youth: a review. Health Educ Behav 2010; 37:621-64.
Beets
M
Cardinal
B
Aldeman
B
Parental social support and the physical activity-related behaviors of youth a review
Health Educ Behav
2010
37
621
664
19
19. Sawaka KJ, McCormack GR, Nettel-Agurre A, Hawe P, Doylw-Baker PK. Friendship networks and physical activity and sedentary behavior among youth: a systematized review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:130.
Sawaka
KJ
McCormack
GR
Nettel-Agurre
A
Hawe
P
Doylw-Baker
PK
Friendship networks and physical activity and sedentary behavior among youth a systematized review
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act
2013
10
130
130
20
20. Fritzgerald A, Fritzgerald N, Aherne C. Do peer matter? A review of peer and/or friends' influence on physical activity among American adolescents. J Adolesc 2012; 53:941-58.
Fritzgerald
A
Fritzgerald
N
Aherne
C
Do peer matter A review of peer and/or friends' influence on physical activity among American adolescents
J Adolesc
2012
53
941
958
21
21. Daviso KK, Nishi A, Kranz S, Wyckoff L, May JJ, Earle-Richadson GB, et al. Association among social capital, parenting for active lifestyle, and youth physical in rural families living in upstate New York. Soc Sci Med 2012; 75:1488-96.
Daviso
KK
Nishi
A
Kranz
S
Wyckoff
L
May
JJ
Earle-Richadson
GB
Association among social capital, parenting for active lifestyle, and youth physical in rural families living in upstate New York
Soc Sci Med
2012
75
1488
1496
22
22. Luiz RR, Magnanini MMF. A lógica da determinação do tamanho da amostra em investigações epidemiológicas. Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.) 2000; 8:9-28.
Luiz
RR
Magnanini
MMF
A lógica da determinação do tamanho da amostra em investigações epidemiológicas
Cad Saúde Colet (Rio J.)
2000
8
9
28
23
23. Guedes DP, Lopes CC, Guedes JERP. Reprodutibilidade e validade do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física em adolescentes. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2005; 11:151-8.
Guedes
DP
Lopes
CC
Guedes
JERP
Reprodutibilidade e validade do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física em adolescentes
Rev Bras Med Esporte
2005
11
151
158
24
24. Sallis JF, Grossman RM, Pinkis RB, Patterson TL, Nader PR. The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors. Prev Med 1987; 16:825-36.
Sallis
JF
Grossman
RM
Pinkis
RB
Patterson
TL
Nader
PR
The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors
Prev Med
1987
16
825
836
25
25. Reis RS, Sallis JF. Validade e reprodutibilidade da versão brasileira da Escala de Suporte Social para o Exercício em Adolescentes. Rev Bras Ciênc Mov 2005; 13:7-15.
Reis
RS
Sallis
JF
Validade e reprodutibilidade da versão brasileira da Escala de Suporte Social para o Exercício em Adolescentes
Rev Bras Ciênc Mov
2005
13
7
15
26
26. Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS, editors. Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park: Sage; 1993. p. 136-62.
Browne
MW
Cudeck
R
Bollen
KA
Long
JS
Testing structural equation models
Alternative ways of assessing model fit
1993
Newbury Park
Sage
136
162
27
27. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tathan RL, Black WC. Análise multivariada de dados. 5ª Ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman; 2005.
Hair
JF
Anderson
RE
Tathan
RL
Black
WC
Análise multivariada de dados.
5ª
2005
Porto Alegre
Bookman
28
28. Heaney CA, Israel BA. Social networks and social support. In: Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, editors. Health behavior and health education: theory, research and practice. 4th Ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2008. p. 189-206.
Heaney
CA
Israel
BA
Glanz
K
Rimer
BK
Viswanath
K
Health behavior and health education: theory, research and practice.
4th
Social networks and social support
2008
San Francisco
Jossey-Bass
189
206
29
29. Stroebe W, Stroebe M. The social psychology of social support. In: Higgins ET, Kruglanski Aw, editors. Social psychology: handbook of basic principles. New York: Guilford Press; 1996. p. 597-621.
Stroebe
W
Stroebe
M
The social psychology of social support.
Higgins
ET
Aw
Kruglanski
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles.
New York
Guilford Press
1996
597
621
30
30. Carney J, Veldhuizen S, Kwan M, Hay J, Faught BE. Biological age and sex-related declines in physical activity during adolescence. Med Sci Sport Exerc 2013; 46:730-5.
Carney
J
Veldhuizen
S
Kwan
M
Hay
J
Faught
BE
Biological age and sex-related declines in physical activity during adolescence
Med Sci Sport Exerc
2013
46
730
735
31
31. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling 1999; 6:1-55.
Hu
LT
Bentler
PM
Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Struct Equ Modeling
1999
6
1
55
32
32. Edwardson CL, Gorely T. Parental influences on different types and intensities of physical activity in youth: a systematic review. Psychol Sport Exerc 2010; 11:522-35.
Edwardson
CL
Gorely
T
Parental influences on different types and intensities of physical activity in youth a systematic review
Psychol Sport Exerc
2010
11
522
535
33
33. Portugal APM, Alberto IMM. Caracterização da comunicação entre progenitores e filhos adolescentes: estudo das variáveis sociodemograficas. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2015; 20:1389-400.
Portugal
APM
Alberto
IMM
Caracterização da comunicação entre progenitores e filhos adolescentes estudo das variáveis sociodemograficas
Ciênc Saúde Colet
2015
20
1389
1400
34
34. Lopes VP, Gabbard C, Rodrigues LP. Effects of psychosocial variables in the similarity and interdependence of physical activity levels among adolescent best friend dyads. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:821-8.
Lopes
VP
Gabbard
C
Rodrigues
LP
Effects of psychosocial variables in the similarity and interdependence of physical activity levels among adolescent best friend dyads
J Sports Sci
2016
34
821
828
Autoría
Tailine Lisboa
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Correspondence W. R. Silva Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Rua Pascoal Simone 358, Florianópolis, SC 88080-350, Brasil. walanrobert@hotmail.com
Contributors
All authors contributed to the study conception and design, data analysis and interpretation, critical review and writing, and approval of the version to be published. All authors are responsible for all aspects of the work in ensuring the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work.
Additional informations
ORCID: Tailine Lisboa (0000-0002-2303-2297); Walan Robert da Silva (0000-0003-0568-4272); Diego Augusto Santos Silva (0000-0002-0489-7906); Érico Pereira Gomes Felden (0000-0002-6924-122X); Andreia Pelegrini (0000-0001-8862-9636); Jessica de Jesus Dutra Lopes (0000-0002-7239-5115); Thais Silva Beltrame (0000-0001-5636-1313).
SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS
Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade do Estado de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaBrazilFlorianópolis, Brazil Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
Table 1
Correlation between indicators of the instrument for social support from family and friends.
imageFigure 1
Confirmatory factor analysis of Social Support for Exercise Behaviors for family and friends scales.
open_in_new
Note: S + F (item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family) + item number; S + A (item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends) + item number.
imageFigure 2
Measurement model between perceived social support from family and perceived social support from friends.
open_in_new
SSA: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends; SSF: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family.
imageFigure 3
Final model for analysis between physical activity and perceived social support from family and friends.
open_in_new
SSA: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends; SSF: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family.
imageFigure 4
Analysis model between physical activity and family social support.
open_in_new
SSF: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for family.
imageFigure 5
Analysis model between physical activity and friends social support.
open_in_new
SSA: parcel item of the instrument Social Support for Exercise Behaviors, for friends.
table_chartTable 1
Correlation between indicators of the instrument for social support from family and friends.
Family social support items
SF1
SF2
SF3
SF4
SF5
SF6
SF7
SF8
SF9
SF10
SF11
SF12
SF13
SF1
1.00
SF2
0.71
1.00
SF3
0.46
0.54
1.00
SF4
0.51
0.57
0.73
1.00
SF5
0.65
0.64
0.55
0.61
1.00
SF6
0.47
0.53
0.56
0.63
0.54
1.00
SF7
0.27
0.27
0.38
0.34
0.39
0.31
1.00
SF8
0.20
0.14
0.20
0.14
0.32
0.14
0.62
1.00
SF9
0.41
0.39
0.43
0.51
0.55
0.44
0.40
0.40
1.00
SF10
0.46
0.50
0.37
0.48
0.53
0.50
0.21
0.14
0.52
1.00
SF11
0.47
0.45
0.53
0.60
0.65
0.53
0.41
0.29
0.61
0.58
1.00
SF12
0.46
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.51
0.42
0.31
0.54
0.53
0.66
1.00
SF13
0.51
0.54
0.47
0.54
0.60
0.59
0.35
0.24
0.50
0.53
0.60
0.68
1.00
Friends social support items
SA1
SA2
SA3
SA4
SA5
SA6
SA7
SA8
SA9
SA10
SA11
SA12
SA13
SA1
1.00
SA2
0.75
1.00
SA3
0.51
0.61
1.00
SA4
0.53
0.62
0.75
1.00
SA5
0.61
0.64
0.65
0.70
1.00
SA6
0.47
0.56
0.62
0.67
0.61
1.00
SA7
0.31
0.36
0.43
0.41
0.49
0.32
1.00
SA8
0.26
0.27
0.36
0.34
0.40
0.25
0.66
1.00
SA9
0.37
0.38
0.42
0.44
0.54
0.34
0.55
0.61
1.00
SA10
0.41
0.50
0.47
0.55
0.55
0.52
0.33
0.30
0.52
1.00
SA11
0.48
0.50
0.54
0.60
0.65
0.54
0.49
0.42
0.59
0.62
1.00
SA12
0.44
0.50
0.59
0.61
0.60
0.56
0.49
0.44
0.53
0.56
0.68
1.00
SA13
0.48
0.56
0.57
0.63
0.58
0.65
0.38
0.28
0.44
0.53
0.59
0.70
1.00
Como citar
Lisboa, Tailine et al. Apoyo social de la familia y amigos para la actividad física de adolescentes: análisis con modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Cadernos de Saúde Pública [online]. 2021, v. 37, n. 1 [Accedido 9 Abril 2025], e00196819. Disponible en: <https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00196819>. Epub 11 Ene 2021. ISSN 1678-4464. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00196819.
Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo CruzRua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 , 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil, Tel.:+55 21 2598-2511, Fax: +55 21 2598-2737 / +55 21 2598-2514 -
Rio de Janeiro -
RJ -
Brazil E-mail: cadernos@ensp.fiocruz.br
rss_feed
Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.