(Latin name) |
(Rosmarinus officinalis) |
(Salvia officinalis) |
(Thymus vulgaris) |
(Origanum vulgare) |
(Mentha piperita) |
(Eucalyptus spp.) |
(Ocimum basilicum) |
(Marjorana hortensis Moench)
|
Major BACs |
(−)-brornyl acetate caffeic acid |
camphor |
carvacrol |
carvacrol |
1,8-cineole isomenthone limonene neomenthol |
aromadendrene |
eucalyptol |
terpinen-4-ol |
a: (Arranz et al., 2015Arranz, E., Mes, J., Wichers, H. J., Jaime, L., Mendiola, J. A., Reglero, G., & Santoyo, S. (2015). Anti-inflammatory activity of the basolateral fraction of Caco-2 cells exposed to a rosemary supercritical extract. Journal of Functional Foods, 13, 384-390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01....
; Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2015Ribeiro-Santos, R., Carvalho-Costa, D., Cavaleiro, C., Costa, H. S., Albuquerque, T. G., Castilho, M. C., Ramos, F., Melo, N. R., & Sanches-Silva, A. (2015). A novel insight on an ancient aromatic plant: the rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Trends in Food Science & Technology, 45(2), 355-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07.015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07...
; Pateiro et al., 2018Pateiro, M., Barba, F. J., Domínguez, R., Sant’Ana, A. S., Khaneghah, A. M., Gavahian, M., Gómez, B., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2018). Essential oils as natural additives to prevent oxidation reactions in meat and meat products: a review. Food Research International, 113, 156-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.014. PMid:30195508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018...
) |
camphor |
1,8-cineole |
p-cymene geraniol |
p-cymene |
piperitenone piperitona |
1,8-cineole |
eugenol |
α-terpinene |
b: (Mehdizadeh et al., 2016Mehdizadeh, T., Hashemzadeh, M. S., Nazarizadeh, A., Neyriz-Naghadehi, M., Tat, M., Ghalavand, M., & Dorostkar, R. (2016). Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of Ocimum basilicum, Salvia officinalis and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils alone and in combination with nisin. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy, 3(4), 51-58.; Pateiro et al., 2018Pateiro, M., Barba, F. J., Domínguez, R., Sant’Ana, A. S., Khaneghah, A. M., Gavahian, M., Gómez, B., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2018). Essential oils as natural additives to prevent oxidation reactions in meat and meat products: a review. Food Research International, 113, 156-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.014. PMid:30195508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018...
) |
carnosic acid |
α-pinene |
linalool |
γ-pinene |
|
cryptone |
estragole |
γ-terpinene |
c: (Fachini-Queiroz et al., 2012Fachini-Queiroz, F. C., Kummer, R., Estevão-Silva, C. F., Carvalho, M. D. D. B., Cunha, J. M., Grespan, R., Bersani-Amado, C. A., & Cuman, R. K. N. (2012). Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 657026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/657026. PMid:22919415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/657026...
; Borugă et al., 2014Borugă, O., Jianu, C., Mişcă, C., Goleţ, I., Gruia, A. T., & Horhat, F. G. (2014). Thymus vulgaris essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Medicine and Life, 7(3), 56-60. PMid:25870697.; Pateiro et al., 2018Pateiro, M., Barba, F. J., Domínguez, R., Sant’Ana, A. S., Khaneghah, A. M., Gavahian, M., Gómez, B., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2018). Essential oils as natural additives to prevent oxidation reactions in meat and meat products: a review. Food Research International, 113, 156-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.014. PMid:30195508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018...
) |
carnosol |
α-thujone |
γ-terpinene |
thymol |
|
cuminal |
methyl cynnamate linalool |
α-terpineol |
d: (Pateiro et al., 2018Pateiro, M., Barba, F. J., Domínguez, R., Sant’Ana, A. S., Khaneghah, A. M., Gavahian, M., Gómez, B., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2018). Essential oils as natural additives to prevent oxidation reactions in meat and meat products: a review. Food Research International, 113, 156-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.014. PMid:30195508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018...
; Bhavaniramya et al., 2019Bhavaniramya, S., Vishnupriya, S., Al-Aboody, M. S., Vijayakumar, R., & Baskaran, D. (2019). Role of essential oils in food safety: Antimicrobial and antioxidant applications. Grain & Oil Science and Technology, 2(2), 49-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.03.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.0...
) |
1,8-cineol |
viridiflorol |
thymol |
polyphenols |
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p-cymene |
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e: (Ruberto & Baratta, 2000Ruberto, G., & Baratta, M. T. (2000). Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chemistry, 69(2), 167-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00247-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)...
; Politeo et al., 2006Politeo, O., Jukić, M., & Miloš, M. (2006). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of twelve spice plants. Croatica Chemica Acta, 79(4), 545-552.) |
eucalyptol |
polyphenols |
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globulol |
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f: (Sebei et al., 2015Sebei, K., Sakouhi, F., Herchi, W., Khouja, M. L., & Boukhchina, S. (2015). Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of seven Eucalyptus species essential oils leaves. Biological Research, 48(1), 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/0717-6287-48-7. PMid:25654423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/0717-6287-48-7...
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α-pinen |
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limonene |
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g: (Politeo et al., 2006Politeo, O., Jukić, M., & Miloš, M. (2006). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of twelve spice plants. Croatica Chemica Acta, 79(4), 545-552.; Mehdizadeh et al., 2016Mehdizadeh, T., Hashemzadeh, M. S., Nazarizadeh, A., Neyriz-Naghadehi, M., Tat, M., Ghalavand, M., & Dorostkar, R. (2016). Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of Ocimum basilicum, Salvia officinalis and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils alone and in combination with nisin. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy, 3(4), 51-58.) |
rosmanol |
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phellandral |
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h: (Politeo et al., 2006Politeo, O., Jukić, M., & Miloš, M. (2006). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of twelve spice plants. Croatica Chemica Acta, 79(4), 545-552.) |
rosmarinic acid |
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α-pinene |
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rosmaridiphenol |
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trans-pinocarveol spathulenol |
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terpinene-4-ol |
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α-terpineol |
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Antimicrobial activity |
the whole–plate agar diffusion method
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the whole–plate agar diffusion method
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[MIC = 12% (v/v) for |
the whole–plate agar diffusion method
|
Shigella sonei, Micrococcus flavus
|
well diffusion method
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[MIC = 0.0030%-0.0007% (v/v) for Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas] |
|
a,b: (Bozin et al., 2007Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Samojlik, I., & Jovin, E. (2007). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(19), 7879-7885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0715323. PMid:17708648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0715323...
) |
[E. coli, |
[E. coli, |
L. monocytogenes,
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[S. enteritidis,
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[zone diameters 11-28 mm for |
c: (Bruni et al., 2004Bruni, R., Medici, A., Andreotti, E., Fantin, C., Muzzoli, M., Dehesa, M., Romagnoli, C., & Sacchetti, G. (2004). Chemical composition and biological activities of Ishpingo essential oil, a traditional Ecuadorian spice from Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) flower calices. Food Chemistry, 85(3), 415-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.07.019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.200...
; Mith et al., 2014Mith, H., Dure, V., Delcenserie, V., Zhiri, A., Daube, A., & Clinquart, A. (2014). Antimicrobial activities of commercial essential oils and their components against food-borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteria. Food Science & Nutrition, 2(4), 403-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.116. PMid:25473498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.116...
) |
S. typhi,
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S. typhi,
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E. coli,
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S. aureus,
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L. ivanovii,
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d: (Oniga et al., 2018Oniga, I., Pușcaș, C., Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R., Olah, N.-K., Sevastre, B., Marica, R., Marcus, I., Sevastre-Berghian, A. C., Benedec, D., Pop, C. E., & Hanganu, D. (2018). Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare: chemical composition and biological studies. Molecules, 23(8), 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082077. PMid:30126246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082...
) |
S. enteritidis,
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S. enteritidis,
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B. thermosphacta,
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L. monocytogenes,
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zone diameters 16-29 mm for B. cereus] |
e: (Mimica-Dukić et al., 2003Mimica-Dukić, N., Bozin, B., Soković, M., Mihajlović, B., & Matavulj, M. (2003). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta Medica, 69(5), 413-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39704. PMid:12802721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39704...
) |
Shigella sonei] |
Shigella sonei] |
P. fluorescens] |
E. coli,
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f: (Sebei et al., 2015Sebei, K., Sakouhi, F., Herchi, W., Khouja, M. L., & Boukhchina, S. (2015). Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of seven Eucalyptus species essential oils leaves. Biological Research, 48(1), 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/0717-6287-48-7. PMid:25654423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/0717-6287-48-7...
) |
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Aspergillus niger] |
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g: (Opalchenova & Obreshkova, 2003Opalchenova, G., & Obreshkova, D. (2003). Comparative studies on the activity of basil‐an essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas by using different test methods. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 54(1), 105-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00012-5. PMid:12732427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(03)...
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[MIC = 30.2 µg/mL for Candida albicans] |
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[MICs of EOs of rosemary alone and combined with calcium hydroxide = 114.85 and 5.55 mg/mL, respectively] |
[MIC > 150 µg/mL for E. coli, |
[MIC = 24.8-28.6 µg/mL for E. coli, and |
[MIC > 125 µg/mL for E. coli, and |
[MIC = 64 µg/mL for |
[MIC = 1000 µg/mL for E. coli and |
[MIC > 20 mg/mL for E. coli and MR-S. aureus] |
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a: (Silva et al., 2019Silva, S., Alves, N., Silva, P., Vieira, T., Maciel, P., Castellano, L. R., Bonan, P., Velozo, C., & Albuquerque, D. (2019). Antibacterial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zingiber officinale, Citrus aurantium bergamia, and Copaifera officinalis alone and in combination with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis. BioMed Research International, 2019, 8129439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8129439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8129439...
) |
K. oxytoca,
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MIC = 8.1 µg/mL for K. oxytoca, and |
MIC = 0.9 µg/mL for K. oxytoca, and |
E. coli] |
S. aureus] |
b,c,d: (Fournomiti et al., 2015Fournomiti, M., Kimbaris, A., Mantzourani, I., Plessas, S., Theodoridou, I., Papaemmanouil, V., Kapsiotis, I., Panopoulou, M., Stavropoulou, E., Bezirtzoglou, E., & Alexopoulos, A. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of cultivated oregano (Origanum vulgare), sage (Salvia officinalis), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 26(0), 23289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.23289. PMid:25881620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/mehd.v26.23289...
) |
K. pneumoniae] |
MIC = 9.5 µg/mL for |
MIC = 73.5 µg/mL for |
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e: (Al-Sum & Al-Arfaj, 2013Al-Sum, B. A., & Al-Arfaj, A. A. (2013). Antimicrobial activity against extract of mint plant. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2(3), 110-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.201302...
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K. pneumoniae] |
K. pneumoniae] |
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f: (Chaves et al., 2018Chaves, T. P., Pinheiro, R. E. E., Melo, E. S., Soares, M. J. S., Souza, J. S. N., Andrade, T. B., Lemos, T. L. G., & Coutinho, H. D. M. (2018). Essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn potentiates β-lactam activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli resistant strains. Industrial Crops and Products, 112, 70-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017...
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g: (Sharopov et al., 2015Sharopov, F., Braun, M. S., Gulmurodov, I., Khalifaev, D., Isupov, S., & Wink, M. (2015). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils of selected aromatic plants from Tajikistan. Foods, 4(4), 645-653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods4040645. PMid:28231227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods4040645...
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[MIC > 400 mg/mL for E. faecalis, |
[MIC = 1.25-2.5 μL/mL for |
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[MIC > 156.25 µg/mL for E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and MIC > 78.13 µg/mL for S. aureus, S. enteritidis, and MIC > 19. 53 µg/mL for Aspergillus niger] |
S. aureus ATCC 25923, |
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a: (Bernardes et al., 2010Bernardes, W. A., Lucarini, R., Tozatti, M. G., Souza, M. G., Silva, M. L., Silva, A. A., Fo., Martins, C. H., Crotti, A. E., Pauletti, P. M., Groppo, M., & Cunha, W. R. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis against oral pathogens: relevance of carnosic acid and carnosol. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 7(7), 1835-1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200900301. PMid:20658673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200900301...
) |
S. salivarius, S. mitis, S. sobrinus
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S. aureus and MIC = 0.15-2.5 μL/mL for B. subtilis] |
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, E. coli ATCC 25922 and
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b: (Mitić-Ćulafić et al., 2005Mitić-Ćulafić, D., Vuković-Gačić, B. S., Knežević-Vukčević, J. B., Stanković, S., & Simić, D. M. (2005). Comparative study on the antibacterial activity of volatiles from sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Archives of Biological Sciences, 57(3), 173-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS0503173M. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS0503173M...
) |
And MIC = 350 mg/mL for S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus] |
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K. pneumonia ATCC 13883 |
d: (Oniga et al., 2018Oniga, I., Pușcaș, C., Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R., Olah, N.-K., Sevastre, B., Marica, R., Marcus, I., Sevastre-Berghian, A. C., Benedec, D., Pop, C. E., & Hanganu, D. (2018). Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare: chemical composition and biological studies. Molecules, 23(8), 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082077. PMid:30126246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082...
) |
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e: (Singh et al., 2015Singh, R., Shushni, M. A. M., & Belkheir, A. (2015). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Mentha piperita L. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8(3), 322-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.01.019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011....
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[MIC < 10 µg/mL for E. coli O157:H7, MIC = 1.25 µg/mL for |
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[MIC = 10 µg/mL for E. coli O157:H7, and MIC = 0.62 µg/mL for |
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b,g: (Mehdizadeh et al., 2016Mehdizadeh, T., Hashemzadeh, M. S., Nazarizadeh, A., Neyriz-Naghadehi, M., Tat, M., Ghalavand, M., & Dorostkar, R. (2016). Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of Ocimum basilicum, Salvia officinalis and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils alone and in combination with nisin. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy, 3(4), 51-58.) |
S. aureus] |
S. aureus] |
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Antioxidant |
DPPH radical formation
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DPPH radical formation
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DPPH radical formation
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DPPH radical formation
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DPPH radical formation
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DPPH radical formation
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DPPH radical formation
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a,b: (Bozin et al., 2007Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Samojlik, I., & Jovin, E. (2007). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(19), 7879-7885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0715323. PMid:17708648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0715323...
) |
activity |
[IC50 = 3.82 μg/mL] |
[IC50 = 1.78 μg/mL] |
[IC50 = 95.5 μg/mL for quercetin flavonoids to chrysene flavonoids IC5 0= 5.6 μg/mL] |
[IC50 = 0.761, 0.590, 0.360 and 0.326 mg/mL] |
[IC50 = 2.53 μg/mL] |
[IC50 = 1.75-12.62 mg/mL] |
[IC50 = 5.94 mg/mL] |
c: (Zerghad & Merghem, 2013Zerghad, N., & Merghem, R. (2013). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Thymus vulgaris L. Romanian Journal of Biology-Plant Biology, 58(1), 27-36.) |
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b-carotene bleaching test
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ABTS
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d: (Stanojević et al., 2016Stanojević, L. P., Stanojević, J. S., Cvetković, D. J., & Ilić, D. P. (2016). Antioxidant activity of oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare L.). Biologica Nyssana, 7(2), 131-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.200410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.200410...
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[IC50 = 14.30-118.55 mg/mL] |
[IC50 = 7.98 mg/mL] |
e: (Mimica-Dukić et al., 2003Mimica-Dukić, N., Bozin, B., Soković, M., Mihajlović, B., & Matavulj, M. (2003). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta Medica, 69(5), 413-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39704. PMid:12802721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-39704...
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FRAP
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f: (Siramon & Ohtani, 2007Siramon, P., & Ohtani, Y. (2007). Antioxidative and antiradical activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf oils from Thailand. Journal of Wood Science, 53(6), 498-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10086-007-0887-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10086-007-088...
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[51.6 µM Fe (II)/mg] |
g: (Sharopov et al., 2015Sharopov, F., Braun, M. S., Gulmurodov, I., Khalifaev, D., Isupov, S., & Wink, M. (2015). Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils of selected aromatic plants from Tajikistan. Foods, 4(4), 645-653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods4040645. PMid:28231227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods4040645...
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DPPH radical formation
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DPPH radical formation
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DPPH radical formation
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DPPH
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DPPH radical formation
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a: (Rašković et al., 2014Rašković, A., Milanović, I., Pavlović, N., Ćebović, T., Vukmirović, S., & Mikov, M. (2014). Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1), 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-225. PMid:25002023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-2...
) |
|
[IC50 = 77.6 μg/mL] |
[IC50 = 5.8 μg/mL for rosmarinic acid derivatives compared to flavonoids glycosids IC50 = 1 μg/mL] |
[IC50 = 810-980 mg/kg b.w.] |
scavenging activity
|
[IC50 = 79.55 μg/mL] |
b: (Lu & Foo, 2001Lu, Y., & Foo, Y. (2001). Antioxidant activities of polyphenols from sage (Salvia officinalis). Food Chemistry, 75(2), 197-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00198-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)...
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[IC50 = 15.2 μg/mL] |
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c: (El-Nekeety et al., 2011El-Nekeety, A. A., Mohamed, S. R., Hathout, A. S., Hassan, N. S., Aly, S. E., & Abdel-Wahhab, M. A. (2011). Antioxidant properties of Thymus vulgaris oil against aflatoxin-induce oxidative stress in male rats. Toxicon, 57(7-8), 984-991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.03.021. PMid:21477612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011...
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e: (Singh et al., 2015Singh, R., Shushni, M. A. M., & Belkheir, A. (2015). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Mentha piperita L. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8(3), 322-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.01.019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011....
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f: (Mishra et al., 2010Mishra, A. K., Sahu, N., Mishra, A., Ghosh, A. K., Jha, S., & Chattopadhyay, P. (2010). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus leaf. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2(16), 25-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0975-3575(10)80045-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0975-3575(10)...
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DPPH radical formation
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a: (Erkan et al., 2008Erkan, N., Ayranci, G., & Ayranci, E. (2008). Antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract, blackseed (Nigella sativa L.) essential oil, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and sesamol. Food Chemistry, 110(1), 76-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.058. PMid:26050168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.200...
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[IC50 = 54 μg/mL] |