Amino acids and antioxidant activities of extracts from wild edible mushrooms from a community forest in the Nasrinual District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand

YUWA-AMORNPITAK, Thalisa; BUTKHUP, Luchai; YEUNYAW, Pa-Nag

doi:10.1590/fst.18519

Brasil

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 40 (3) • July-Sept 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.18519 linkcopy

Amino acids and antioxidant activities of extracts from wild edible mushrooms from a community forest in the Nasrinual District, Maha Sarakham, Thailand

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Abstract

Twenty two species of wild edible mushrooms were collected from Nasrinual community forest. The levels of 15 amino acids, antioxidant activity, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were determined. The 8 essential amino acids were arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine, that they were found in all the mushrooms at concentration ranges of 0.28-2.14, 0.11-0.8, 0.19-1.33, 0.33-2.22, 0.22-1.73, 0.18-1.09, 0.31-1.83, and 0.23-1.66 g/100 g dw, respectively. The greatest and smallest amount of total amino acids, 28.41 and 5.76 g/100 g dw, were found in Hed-Peung-No5 and Hed-Klum-Ma, respectively. The antioxidants from the mushroom extracts obtained by water and 60% methanol and their activities were evaluated. It was found that flavonoids content and DPPH in methanol extracts were higher than in water extracts. In contrast, the phenolic content and FRAP activity in water extracts were higher than those in methanol extracts. Total phenolic, FRAP, and flavonoids content were highest in the extracts of Hed-Peung-No2, but the DPPH activity was highest in the extracts from Hed-Peung-No3. The GABA content was higher in the extracts obtained by hot water than it was in the extracts obtained by methanol. The highest GABA content was from water extract of Hed-Sai-duan (23.304 ± 0.027 mg/g dw).

Keywords: DPPH; total phenolic compounds; flavonoids; FRAP; GABA

No.	Local Name	Code	Order	Family	Scientific Name
1	Hed-Koh-na-dang	RAMY	Russulales	Russulaceae	Russula emetica
2	Hed-Kai-na-kao	RLIC	Russulales	Russulaceae	Russula delica
3	Kai-na-luang	FLAV	Russulales	Russulaceae	Russula flavida
4	Hed-Kai-na-kaew	RHET	Russulales	Russulaceae	Russula virescens
5	Hed-Tan-lek	RDEN	Russulales	Russulaceae	Russula densifolia
6	Hed-Na-kao	RALB	Russulales	Russulaceae	Russula alboareolata
7	Hed-Dang-ku-lab	REME	Russulales	Russulaceae	Russula emitica
8	Hed-Nam-noom	LACT	Russulales	Russulaceae	Lactarius sp.
9	Hed-Ra-ngok-luang	AHEM	Agaricales	Pluteaceae	Amanita hemibapha
10	Hed-Sai-duan	AVAT	Agaricales	Amanitaceae	Amanita vaginata
11	Hed-Pluak-jig	TCLY	Agaricales	Tricholomataceae	Termitomyces clypeatus
12	Hed-Pluak-tab	TALB	Agaricales	Tricholomataceae	Termitomyces albuminosa
13	Hed-Ta-poo	CMIS	Agaricales	Agaricaceae	Calvatia boninensis
14	Hed-Hoo-noo	AUAR	Auriculariales	Auriculariaceae	Auricularia auricular
15	Hed-Peung-No1	BOL1	Boletales	Boletaceae	Boletus sp.
16	Hed-Peung-No.2	BOL2	Boletales	Boletaceae	Indoporus shorea
17	Hed-Peung-No.3	BOL3	Boletales	Boletaceae	Boletus sp.
18	Hed-Peung-No.4	BOL4	Boletales	Boletaceae	Hygrophorus canthavellus
19	Hed-Peung-No.5	BOL5	Boletales	Boletaceae	Boletus sp.
20	Hed-Klum-Ma	ALPO	Boletales	Hymeogasteraceae	Mycoamaranthus cambodgensis
21	Hed-Poa	ASTA	Boletales	Diplocystaceae	Astraeus hygrometricus
22	-	TUBER	Boletales	Sclerodermataceae	Scleroderma sp.

Edible mushrooms	Water extract	Methanol extract	Total amino acid, g/100 g dw	EAA^* * EAA = Essential amino acid; ND = Not Detected. Means followed by same letter in the same column are not significantly different (p<0.05 according to Duncan’s test). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three replicates (n = 3 /Total amino acid ratio
Edible mushrooms	Gaba mg/g dw	Gaba mg/g dw	Total amino acid, g/100 g dw
Hed-Koh-na-dang	7.505 ± 0.166^h	2.725 ± 0.014^ef	15.98 ± 0.06	0.419
Hed-Kai-na-kao	8.959 ± 0.280^g	1.713 ± 0.072^ghij	14.38 ± 0.022	0.445
Kai-na-luang	3.799 ± 0.140^k	4.163 ± 0.057^bc	16.01 ± 0.021	0.423
Hed-Kai-na-kaew	5.186 ± 0.054^j	1.818 ± 0.028^ghij	16.24 ± 0.016	0.443
Hed-Tan-lek	14.404 ± 0.055^e	8.282 ± 0.366^a	12.01 ± 0.012	0.423
Hed-Na-kao	15.816 ± 0.374^d	2.569 ± 0.014^efg	16.8 ± 0.022	0.419
Hed-Dang-ku-lab	15.855 ± 0.495^d	1.700 ± 0.042^ghij	18.98 ± 0.018	0.434
Hed-Nam-noom	7.337 ± 0.243^hi	0.988 ± 0.027^j	14.49 ± 0.018	0.452
Hed-Ra-ngok-luang	2.699 ± 0.322^l	2.081 ± 0.187^fghi	21.82 ± 0.021	0.449
Hed-Sai-duan	23.304 ± 0.027^a	0.999 ± 0.072^j	23.46 ± 0.03	0.414
Hed-Pluak-jig	4.017 ± 0.054^k	1.840 ± 0.000^jghij	22.65 ± 0.015	0.432
Hed-Pluak-tab	3.501 ± 0.039^k	1.235 ± 0.029^ij	19.53 ± 0.018	0.412
Hed-Ta-poo	10.508 ± 0.240^f	8.038 ± 0.579^a	24.51 ± 0.029	0.437
Hed-Hoo-noo	3.818 ± 0.152^k	1.315 ± 0.159^ij	6.41 ± 0.007	0.462
Hed-Peung-No1	6.646 ± 0.263ⁱ	2.859 ± 0.202^ef	13.94 ± 0.013	0.428
Hed-Peung-No.2	20.328 ± 0.418^c	2.246 ± 0.014^fgh	21.99 ± 0.035	0.462
Hed-Peung-No.3	10.617 ± 0.108^f	4.677 ± 0.299^b	19.87 ± 0.026	0.429
Hed-Peung-No.4	ND	3.829 ± 0.846^cd	27.36 ± 0.022	0.454
Hed-Peung-No.5	21.445 ± 0.589^b	1.438 ± 0.102^hij	28.41 ± 0.028	0.444
Hed-Klum-Ma	2.153 ± 0.052^l	3.321 ± 0.162^de	5.76 ± 0.007	0.389
Hed-Poa	4.808 ± 0.007^j	3.7905 ± 0.157^cd	8.64 ± 0.009	0.441

Edible mushrooms	Amino acid content, g/100 g dry weight
	Aspartic acid	Serine	Glutamic acid	Glycine	Alanine	Proline	Tyrosine	Arginine^* * Essential amino acid (EAA). Means followed by same letter in the same column are not significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Duncan’s test. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three replicates (n = 3).	Threonine*	Histidine*	Valine*	Lysine*	Isoleucine*	Leucine*	Phenylalanine*
Hed-Koh-na-dang	1.89 ± 0.041^j	0.87 ± 0.006ⁱ	3.52 ± 0.038^f	0.76 ± 0.006ⁱ	1.15 ± 0.017^g	0.79 ± 0.014ⁱ	0.31 ± 0.004^h	1.01 ± 0.013^j	0.94 ± 0.012^g	0.43 ± 0.008^hi	0.83 ± 0.024^j	0.98 ± 0.026^h	0.67 ± 0.014^ijk	1.17 ± 0.011ⁱ	0.66 ± 0.012^f
Hed-Kai-na-kao	1.90 ± 0.042^ij	0.93 ± 0.024^gh	2.19 ± 0.033^l	0.86 ± 0.026^gh	0.86 ± 0.005^k	0.92 ± 0.016^g	0.32 ± 0.023^h	1.01 ± 0.045^j	1.00 ± 0.025^f	0.36 ± 0.016^jk	0.82 ± 0.010^j	0.71 ± 0.013^l	0.65 ± 0.002^k	1.16 ± 0.011ⁱ	0.69 ± 0.036^ef
Kai-na-luang	2.27 ± 0.070^g	1.03 ± 0.020^f	2.69 ± 0.046^j	0.90 ± 0.014^fg	1.05 ± 0.029^h	0.92 ± 0.009^g	0.37 ± 0.007^fg	1.12 ± 0.016^ghj	1.04 ± 0.007^f	0.39 ± 0.010^hij	0.87 ± 0.016^hi	0.75 ± 0.024^kl	0.71 ± 0.011^hi	1.21 ± 0.015ⁱ	0.69 ± 0.016 ^ef
Hed-Kai-na-kaew	2.18 ± 0.010^gh	1.07 ± 0.014^f	2.46 ± 0.033^k	0.97 ± 0.020^e	0.98 ± 0.003ⁱ	1.00 ± 0.009^f	0.39 ± 0.016^fg	1.16 ± 0.022^fgh	1.11 ± 0.016^e	0.44 ± 0.005^gh	0.91 ± 0.012^h	0.82 ± 0.016^j	0.73 ± 0.015^h	1.27 ± 0.022^h	0.75 ± 0.022^e
Hed-Tan-lek	1.44 ± 0.049^l	0.72 ± 0.013^j	1.53 ± 0.016^m	0.86 ± 0.011^gh	0.71 ± 0.008^l	0.65 ± 0.010^j	1.00 ± 0.013 ^a	0.77 ± 0.006^k	0.69 ± 0.009ⁱ	0.33 ± 0.011 ^kl	0.61 ± 0.003^m	0.71 ± 0.022^l	0.52 ± 0.001^m	0.92 ± 0.004^k	0.55 ± 0.001^gh
Hed-Na-kao	2.04 ± 0.042^hi	1.01 ± 0.024 ^f	3.51 ± 0.033^g	0.90 ± 0.026^fgh	1.00 ± 0.005ⁱ	0.92 ± 0.016^g	0.38 ± 0.023^fg	1.16 ± 0.045^fgh	1.00 ± 0.025^f	0.40 ± 0.016^hij	0.87 ± 0.010^hi	0.90 ± 0.013ⁱ	0.70 ± 0.002^hij	1.28 ± 0.011^h	0.73 ± 0.036^e
Hed-Dang-ku-lab	2.13 ± 0.040^gh	1.15 ± 0.015^e	3.92 ± 0.088^d	0.94 ± 0.010^ef	1.35 ± 0.025^e	0.85 ± 0.006^g	0.40 ± 0.006^f	1.21 ± 0.009^fg	1.25 ± 0.006^d	0.51 ± 0.005^f	1.00 ± 0.007^g	1.08 ± 0.027^fg	0.87 ± 0.007^g	1.49 ± 0.021^f	0.83 ± 0.003^d
Hed-Nam-noom	1.72 ± 0.039^k	0.95 ± 0.012^g	2.47 ± 0.055^k	0.70 ± 0.011^j	0.93 ± 0.006^j	0.76 ± 0.025ⁱ	0.41 ± 0.007^f	1.03 ± 0.011^ij	0.89 ± 0.009^gh	0.39 ± 0.010^hij	0.77 ± 0.020^k	1.03 ± 0.025^gh	0.61 ± 0.015^l	1.17 ± 0.012ⁱ	0.66 ± 0.009^f
Hed-Ra-ngok-luang	3.01 ± 0.070^d	1.38 ± 0.020^d	3.50 ± 0.046^g	1.06 ± 0.014^d	1.50 ± 0.029^cd	1.03 ± 0.009^ef	0.55 ± 0.007^de	1.59 ± 0.016^c	1.32 ± 0.007^c	0.66 ± 0.010^d	1.12 ± 0.016^f	1.39 ± 0.024^d	0.94 ± 0.011^e	1.76 ± 0.015^d	1.01 ± 0.016^b
Hed-Sai-duan	2.69 ± 0.053^e	1.36 ± 0.032^d	5.66 ± 0.104^a	1.17 ± 0.029^c	1.28 ± 0.006^f	1.06 ± 0.003^e	0.53 ± 0.017^e	1.33 ± 0.042^e	1.33 ± 0.030^c	0.72 ± 0.028^c	1.15 ± 0.023^ef	1.37 ± 0.025^d	1.04 ± 0.019^c	1.77 ± 0.013 ^d	1.00 ± 0.027 ^b
Hed-Pluak-jig	2.64 ± 0.022^e	1.37 ± 0.032^d	4.32 ± 0.028^b	1.21 ± 0.022^c	1.73 ± 0.013^a	1.02 ± 0.008^ef	0.57 ± 0.008^de	1.45 ± 0.013^d	1.29 ± 0.008^cd	0.65 ± 0.007^d	1.18 ± 0.008^e	1.47 ± 0.015^c	0.99 ± 0.012^d	1.76 ± 0.016 ^d	1.00 ± 0.016 ^b
Hed-Pluak-tab	2.47 ± 0.072^f	1.15 ± 0.014^e	4.05 ± 0.054^cd	1.06 ± 0.020^d	1.35 ± 0.006^e	0.83 ± 0.009^h	0.59 ± 0.005^d	1.11 ± 0.015^hij	1.16 ± 0.016^e	0.59 ± 0.014^e	1.03 ± 0.005^g	1.06 ± 0.020^fg	0.78 ± 0.002^g	1.40 ± 0.005^g	0.92 ± 0.009^c
Hed-Ta-poo	3.85 ± 0.128^a	1.58 ± 0.026^c	3.18 ± 0.035ⁱ	1.56 ± 0.011^b	1.48 ± 0.008^d	1.55 ± 0.024^ab	0.59 ± 0.015d	1.57 ± 0.041^c	1.56 ± 0.024^b	0.80 ± 0.021^b	1.33 ± 0.018^c	1.30 ± 0.006^e	1.14 ± 0.017^b	1.93 ± 0.021^c	1.09 ± 0.035^a
Hed-Hoo-noo	0.83 ± 0.007ⁿ	0.41 ± 0.009^l	0.77 ± 0.010^p	0.35 ± 0.006^m	0.55 ± 0.007ⁿ	0.38 ± 0.005^l	0.16 ± 0.006^j	0.41 ± 0.009^m	0.45 ± 0.004^k	0.17 ± 0.013 ⁿ	0.40 ± 0.000^o	0.36 ± 0.012^m	0.26 ± 0.001^o	0.55 ± 0.003^m	0.36 ± 0.006ⁱ
Hed-Peung-No1	2.03 ± 0.025^hi	0.88 ± 0.006^hj	2.21 ± 0.046^l	0.84 ± 0.011^h	0.91 ± 0.014^j	0.77 ± 0.009ⁱ	0.34 ± 0.006^gh	1.25 ± 0.007^ef	0.84 ± 0.009^h	0.47 ± 0.011^fg	0.67 ± 0.006^l	0.82 ± 0.026^jk	0.50 ± 0.000^m	0.91 ± 0.009^k	0.50 ± 0.010^h
Hed-Peung-No.2	2.65 ± 0.022^e	1.35 ± 0.044^d	3.36 ± 0.015^h	1.21 ± 0.034^c	1.35 ± 0.011^e	1.13 ± 0.012^d	0.78 ± 0.054^c	1.93 ± 0.096^b	1.32 ± 0.040^c	0.65 ± 0.036^d	1.17 ± 0.022^ef	1.38 ± 0.017^d	0.95 ± 0.020^de	1.75 ± 0.038 ^d	1.01 ± 0.058 ^b
Hed-Peung-No.3	3.46 ± 0.087^c	1.15 ± 0.009^e	2.49 ± 0.054^k	1.19 ± 0.015^c	1.14 ± 0.014^g	1.38 ± 0.023^c	0.54 ± 0.013^de	1.48 ± 0.030^d	1.15 ± 0.016^e	0.49 ± 0.009^f	1.23 ± 0.035^d	1.11 ± 0.031^f	0.92 ± 0.019^e	1.55 ± 0.017^e	0.59 ± 0.017^g
Hed-Peung-No.4	3.51 ± 0.040^c	1.90 ± 0.021^b	3.78 ± 0.043^e	1.75 ± 0.021^a	1.53 ± 0.008^c	1.54 ± 0.003^b	0.93 ± 0.018^b	2.14 ± 0.048^a	1.83 ± 0.037^a	0.72 ± 0.010^c	1.60 ± 0.004^b	1.59 ± 0.024^b	1.30 ± 0.012^a	2.22 ± 0.021^a	1.02 ± 0.014 ^b
Hed-Peung-No.5	3.75 ± 0.052^b	2.01 ± 0.023^a	4.09 ± 0.055^c	1.78 ± 0.028^a	1.63 ± 0.014^b	1.58 ± 0.018^a	0.95 ± 0.013 ^b	2.06 ± 0.037 ^a	1.83 ± 0.028 ^a	0.84 ± 0.014^a	1.66 ± 0.025^a	1.73 ± 0.036^a	1.33 ± 0.023^a	2.16 ± 0.032^b	1.01 ± 0.028 ^b
Hed-Klum-Ma	1.17 ± 0.020^m	0.36 ± 0.012^l	0.91 ± 0.007^op	0.31 ± 0.002^m	0.37 ± 0.003^o	0.26 ± 0.005^m	0.14 ± 0.005^j	0.33 ± 0.010^mn	0.35 ± 0.006^l	0.17 ± 0.003ⁿ	0.29 ± 0.006^p	0.23 ± 0.003ⁿ	0.23 ± 0.004^o	0.42 ± 0.010ⁿ	0.22 ± 0.006^j
Hed-Poa (spore)	1.19 ± 0.016^m	0.55 ± 0.014^k	1.30 ± 0.014ⁿ	0.47 ± 0.006^l	0.66 ± 0.006^m	0.45 ± 0.002^k	0.21 ± 0.005ⁱ	0.59 ± 0.018^l	0.58 ± 0.012^j	0.21 ± 0.005 ^mn	0.50 ± 0.007ⁿ	0.36 ± 0.008^m	0.46 ± 0.008ⁿ	0.78 ± 0.008^l	0.33 ± 0.008ⁱ
Hed-Poa (bark)	0.63 ± 0.006^o	0.29 ± 0.006^m	0.98 ± 0.004^o	0.24 ± 0.004ⁿ	0.33 ± 0.003^o	0.22 ± 0.007ⁿ	0.12 ± 0.003^j	0.28 ± 0.008ⁿ	0.31 ± 0.006^l	0.11 ± 0.002^o	0.23 ± 0.007^g	0.22 ± 0.001ⁿ	0.19 ± 0.005^p	0.33 ± 0.008^o	0.18 ± 0.005^j
Bamboo Mushroom ^a	1.76 ± 0.006^jk	0.85 ± 0.017ⁱ	2.15 ± 0.033^l	0.62 ± 0.014^k	0.85 ± 0.011^k	0.63 ± 0.004^j	0.31 ± 0.011^h	0.75 ± 0.018^k	0.87 ± 0.012^h	0.30 ± 0.006 ^l	0.73 ± 0.008^k	0.77 ± 0.003^jkl	0.66 ± 0.008^jk	1.03 ± 0.006^j	0.58 ± 0.008^g
Bamboo Mushroom ^b	1.23 ± 0.045^lm	0.57 ± 0.015^k	1.39 ± 0.037ⁿ	0.44 ± 0.008^l	0.67 ± 0.005^m	0.45 ± 0.005^k	0.24 ± 0.004ⁱ	0.50 ± 0.006^l	0.56 ± 0.010^j	0.23 ± 0.011 ^m	0.48 ± 0.010ⁿ	0.38 ± 0.017^m	0.43 ± 0.010ⁿ	0.75 ± 0.011^l	0.54 ± 0.006^gh

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[TFN1] ^*
EAA = Essential amino acid; ND = Not Detected. Means followed by same letter in the same column are not significantly different (p<0.05 according to Duncan’s test). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three replicates (n = 3