(Pashapoor et al., 2020Pashapoor, A., Mashhadyrafie, S., & Mortazavi, P. (2020). Ameliorative effect of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract on oxidative status and histology of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Folia Morphologica, 79(1), 113-119. PMid:31063201.) |
Petroleum ether extract from seed of M. fragrans
|
50; 100; and 200 mg/kg bw |
21 days |
FBG < NC |
-55.57 |
+ |
FBG > PC |
19.19 |
0 |
FBG > N |
130.13 |
0 |
FBG < I |
-48.28 |
+ |
(Zhao et al., 2020Zhao, W., Song, F., Hu, D., Chen, H., Zhai, Q., Lu, W., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Chen, W., Gu, Z., & Wang, G. (2020). The protective effect of myristica fragrans houtt. Extracts against obesity and inflammation by regulating free fatty acids metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients, 12(9), 1-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092507. PMid:32825154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092507...
) |
Ethanolic 70% extract from seed of M. fragrans
|
250 mg/kg bw |
4 weeks |
FBG < NC |
NS |
+ |
FBG > N |
NS |
0 |
FBG < I |
NS |
+ |
HbA1c < NC |
NS |
+ |
HbA1c > N |
NS |
0 |
OGT test: AUC < NC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC > N |
NS |
0 |
(Kareem et al., 2009Kareem, M. A., Krushna, G. S., Hussain, S. A., & Devi, K. L. (2009). Effect of aqueous extract of nutmeg on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and cardiac histology associated with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4), 337-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i4.45227. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i4.4522...
) |
Aqueous extract from kernel of M. fragrans
|
100 mg/kg bw |
30 days |
FBG < NC |
-3.9 |
+ |
FBG > PC |
23.2 |
0 |
100 mg/kg bw + isoproterenol 85 mg/kg bw |
30 days |
FBG < NC |
-8.8 |
+ |
FBG > PC |
NS |
0 |
(Lestari et al., 2019Lestari, K., Diantini, A., Barliana, M. I., Achmad, T. H., Subarnas, A., Mutakin, Abdulah, R., Lesmana, R., & Hwang, J. K. (2019). Potential natural dual agonist PPARα/γ-induced antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic properties of safrole-free nutmeg seed (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract. The Natural Products Journal, 9(3), 248-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210315509666190206122849. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/22103155096661...
) |
Safrole-free nutmeg dry extracts from seed of M. fragrans Houtt |
5.4 mg/200 g bw |
2; 4; and 6 days |
FBG < NC |
-40 |
+ |
FBG < PC |
NS |
+ |
FBG < I |
NS |
+ |
(Eo & Ie, 2020Eo, J., & Ie, E. (2020). Prolonged nutmeg extract usage as potent as glibenclamide in diabetes treatment. American Journal of PharmTech Research, 10(4), 150-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i4.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2020.v1...
) |
Ethanolic extract from M. fragrans
|
273.86; 547.7; and 821.58 mg/kg bw |
7; 14; 21; 28; and 35 days |
FBG > PC |
6.59 |
0 |
FBG < N |
-4.71 |
+ |
FBG < I |
-72.67 |
+ |
273.86 mg/kg bw + 5mg/kg bw glibenclamide |
7; 14; 21; 28; and 35 days |
FBG < PC |
-0.34 |
+ |
FBG < N |
-20.49 |
+ |
FBG < I |
-65.17 |
+ |
(Lestari et al., 2012Lestari, K., Hwang, J., Hartini Kariadi, S., Wijaya, A., Ahmad, T., Subarnas, A., Supriyatna, & Muchtaridi, M. (2012). Screening for PPAR γ agonist from Myristica fragrans Houtt seeds for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes by in vitro and in vivo. Medical and Health Science Journal, 12(3), 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/mhsj.2012.37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/mhsj.2012.37...
) |
Methanol extract from seed of M. fragrans
|
125; 250; and 500 mg/kg bw |
6 days |
FBG < NC |
-94.52 |
+ |
FBG < PC |
-4.52 |
+ |
(Somani & Singhai, 2008Somani, R. S., & Singhai, K. (2008). Hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activities of seeds of Myristica fragrans in normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Asian Journal of Experimental Sciences, 22(1), 95-102.) |
Petroleum ether extract from seed of M. fragrans
|
200 mg/kg bw |
2 weeks |
FBG < NC |
NS |
+ |
FBG > PC |
40.25 |
0 |
FBG < I |
-12.3 |
+ |
50; 100; and 200 mg/kg bw |
Administered once at the time of the test |
OGT test: AUC < NC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC = PC |
NS |
+ |
(Rajamani et al., 2005Rajamani, S., Suganthi, R., Ravichandran, M. K., & Anuradha, C. V. (2005). Food seasoning spices mixture improves glucose metabolism and lipid profile in fructose-fed hyperinsulinemic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 8(4), 502-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.502. PMid:16379562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.502...
) |
Kernel and mace of M. fragrans in spices mixture |
10; 30; 50 mg/kg bw |
30 days |
FBG < NC |
-16.94 |
+ |
FBG < N |
-2.56 |
+ |
HbA1c < NC |
-48.86 |
+ |
HbA1c = N |
0.4 |
+ |
(Suganthi et al., 2005Suganthi, R., Rajamani, S., Ravichandran, M. K., & Anuradha, C. V. (2005). Preventive action of food seasoning spices mixture on fructose-induced lipid abnormalities. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 14(4), 420-427. PMid:16326650.) |
Kernel and mace of M. fragrans in spices mixture |
10; 30; 50 mg/kg bw |
30 days |
FBG < NC |
NS |
+ |
FBG = N |
NS |
+ |
(Nasreen et al., 2020Nasreen, W., Sarker, S., Sufian, M. A., Md Opo, F. A. D., Shahriar, M., Akhter, R., & Halim, M. A. (2020). A possible alternative therapy for type 2 diabetes using Myristica fragrans Houtt in combination with glimepiride: in vivo evaluation and in silico support. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 75(3-4), 103-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2019-0134. PMid:32187019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2019-0134...
) |
Water extract of ripe seeds from M. fragrans
|
5 g/kg bw and 5 g/kg bw + glimepiride 1 mg/kg bw) |
28 days |
Non-FBG < PC |
NS |
+ |
1.5 mg/0.1 mL and 1.5 mg/0.1 mL + glimepiride (0.0004 mg/0.1 mL) |
28 days |
OGT test: AUC = PC |
NS |
+ |
(Vangoori et al., 2019Vangoori, Y., Dakshinamoorthi, A., & Kavimani, S. (2019). Effect of Myristica fragrans extract on lipid profile, glucose, body weight, food intake, liver and renal functions in experimental obese rats. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 12(2), 669-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1688...
) |
Ethyl alcohol extract from mace of M. fragrans
|
200 and 400 mg/kg bw |
10 weeks |
Non-FBG < NC |
-60.76 |
+ |
Non-FBG > PC |
26.27 |
0 |
Non-FBG > N |
25 |
0 |
Non-FBG < I |
-35.02 |
+ |
(Nagja et al., 2016Nagja, T., Kumar, V., & Sanjeev, A. (2016). Anti-diabetic activity of a polyherbal formulation in streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Natural Remedies, 16(4), 148-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/15323. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2016/1532...
) |
Polyherbal extract (containing seed of M. fragrans) |
400 mg/kg bw |
7; 14; 21; and 28 days |
Non-FBG < NC |
-59.44 |
+ |
Non-FBG > PC |
6.14 |
0 |
Non-FBG > N |
28.52 |
0 |
Non-FBG < I |
-53.035 |
+ |
Water-ethanol extract of seed from M. fragrans
|
200 mg/kg bw |
Administered once at the time of the test |
OGT test: AUC < NC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC = PC |
NS |
+ |
(Nguyen et al., 2010Nguyen, P. H., Le, T. V. T., Kang, H. W., Chae, J., Kim, S. K., Kwon, K. I., Seo, D. B., Lee, S. J., & Oh, W. K. (2010). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) and their anti-obesity effect. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 20(14), 4128-4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.067. PMid:20541406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05...
) |
Tetrahydrofuran lignans mixture from ethanol extract of M. fragrans
|
200 mg/kg bw |
6 weeks |
Non-FBG < NC |
-14.44 |
+ |
(Han et al., 2008Han, K. L., Choi, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Song, J., Joe, M. K., Jung, M. H., & Hwang, J. K. (2008). Therapeutic potential of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-α/γ dual agonist with alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress for the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes, 57(3), 737-745. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db07-0972. PMid:18065517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db07-0972...
) |
Macelignan from M. fragrans Houtt |
10 and 25 mg/kg bw |
14 days |
Non-FBG < NC |
NS |
+ |
Non-FBG < PC |
NS |
+ |
Non-FBG > N |
NS |
0 |
OGT test: AUC < NC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC < PC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC > N |
NS |
0 |
(Peungvicha et al., 2018Peungvicha, P., Vallisuta, O., Mangmool, S., Sirithamwanich, T., & Sirithamwanich, R. (2018). Anti-hyperglycemic effect and subchronic toxicity of the combined extract from Sattagavata - Mathurameha - Tubpikarn anti-diabetic herbal formulae. Thaiphesatchasan, 42(1), 6-13.) |
M. fragrans in herbal formulae/combined extract |
0.5 and 1 g/kg |
1 and 30 days |
Non-FBG 2h-PPG < NC |
-16.9 |
+ |
Non-FBG 2h-PPG < PC |
-5 |
+ |
0.5 and 1 g/kg |
30 days |
HbA1c < NC |
-8.79 |
+ |
HbA1c > N |
151.51 |
0 |
HbA1c < PC |
-3.49 |
+ |
(Dayanand et al., 2019Dayanand, G. R., Sathiyarajeswaran, P., Patturayan, R., Ganesan, R., Kumar, G. V., Dhanaraj, K., & Rama, D. B. (2019). Evaluation of acute, sub acute toxicity and immunomodulatory activity of urai mathirai-siddha herbal formulation. Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(3), 6372-6382.) |
1 part of M. fragrans Houtt in herbal formulation |
10; 50; and 100 mg/kg bw |
28 days |
Non-FBG > NC |
23.65 |
- |
(Arulmozhi et al., 2007Arulmozhi, D. K., Kurian, R., Veeranjaneyulu, A., & Bodhankar, S. L. (2007). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Myristica fragrans in animal models. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45(1), 64-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200601028339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880200601028...
) |
Hydroalcoholic extract from rhizome of M. fragrans Houtt |
50; 150; and 450 mg/kg bw |
7 days |
Non-FBG < NC |
-41.71 |
+ |
Non-FBG < PC (rosiglitazone) |
-1.71 |
+ |
Non-FBG < PC (glimepiride) |
-25.71 |
+ |
Non-FBG < PC (fenofibrate) |
≥ -41.71 |
+ |
Non-FBG = N |
NS |
+ |
(Chowdhury et al., 2017Chowdhury, M. A. R., Manirujjaman, & Haq, M. M. (2017). Phytochemical and pharmacological activity of myristica fragrans Houtt (Myristicaceae). International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research, 9(1), 17-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9038. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9...
) |
Methanol extract from seed and mace of M. fragrans Houtt |
200 and 400 mg/kg bw |
4 days |
Non-FBG < NC |
-44.78 |
+ |
Non-FBG > PC |
17.23 |
0 |
(Sailesh & Padmanabha, 2014Sailesh, K. S., & Padmanabha. (2014). A comparative study of the anti diabetic effect of oral administration of cinnamon. Nutmeg and Peppermint in Wistar Albino Rats, 4, 61-68.) |
Dry extract diethyl ether of M. fragrans Houtt |
NS |
1; 2; and 3 weeks |
Non-FBG < NC |
-35.82 |
+ |
Non-FBG > N |
16.76 |
0 |
Non-FBG < I |
-50.64 |
+ |
(Othman et al., 2019Othman, M. A., Yuyama, K., Murai, Y., Igarashi, Y., Mikami, D., Sivasothy, Y., Awang, K., & Monde, K. (2019). Malabaricone C as natural sphingomyelin synthase inhibitor against diet-induced obesity and its lipid metabolism in mice. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 10(8), 1154-1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00171. PMid:31413799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett...
) |
Malabaricone C from fruits of Myristica cinnamomea King |
NS |
8 weeks |
OGT test: AUC < NC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC > N |
NS |
0 |
(Patil et al., 2011Patil, S. B., Ghadyale, V. A., Taklikar, S. S., Kulkarni, C. R., & Arvindekar, A. U. (2011). Insulin secretagogue, Alpha-glucosidase and antioxidant activity of some selected spices in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands), 66(1), 85-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-011-0215-7. PMid:21437656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-011-021...
) |
Methanol extract from mace of M. fragrans
|
100 and 200 mg/kg bw |
Administered once at the time of the test |
OGT test: AUC < NC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC > PC |
NS |
0 |
OGT test: AUC > N |
NS |
0 |
Methanol extract from mace of M. malabarica
|
100 and 200 mg/kg bw |
Administered once at the time of the test |
OGT test: AUC < NC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC < PC |
NS |
+ |
OGT test: AUC > N |
NS |
0 |