Adsorption of grape pomace (Vitis vinifera) and pecan shell (Carya illinoensis) phenolic compounds to insoluble dietary fiber

SUBIRÍA-CUETO, Carlos Rodrigo; MUÑOZ-BERNAL, Óscar Adrián; ROSA, Laura A. de la; WALL-MEDRANO, Abraham; RODRIGO-GARCÍA, Joaquín; MARTINEZ-GONZALEZ, Alejandra I.; GONZÁLEZ-AGUILAR, Gustavo; MARTÍNEZ-RUIZ, Nina del Rocío; ALVAREZ-PARRILLA, Emilio

doi:10.1590/fst.41422

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.41422 copy

Adsorption of grape pomace (Vitis vinifera) and pecan shell (Carya illinoensis) phenolic compounds to insoluble dietary fiber

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Abstract

Grape pomace (GP) and pecan shell (PS) are agro-industrial by-products rich in healthy bioactives, mainly phenolic compounds (PC) and dietary fiber (DF). Raw GP and PS were chemically characterized, and the adsorption isotherms of their PC-insoluble DF (IDF) complexes were evaluated. GP and PS statistically differed (p < 0.05) in chemical and physicochemical properties. Total PC, total flavonoids, and IDF were higher in GP. Thirteen and eight PC were identified in GP and PS by HPLC-MS/MS chromatography, finding isoquercetin and type B dimer and trimer procyanidins as the most abundant compounds. PC-IDF (phenolic compounds-insoluble dietary fiber) adsorption isotherms were determined by both spectroscopic (Freundlich) and HPLC-MS/MS (Freundlich/Langmuir) techniques, observing that PS IDF presented higher PC adsorption at all tested concentrations. Epicatechin, isoquercetin, and quercetin were the main identified PC in both by-products, and were able to fit to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm by HPLC-MS/MS.

Keywords:
phenolic compounds-dietary fiber interactions; adsorption isotherm; by-products; HPLC-MS/MS; Langmuir isotherm; Freundlich isotherm

	GP	PS
Moisture (g/100 g)	3.3 ± 0.1^a	1.8 ± 0.0^b
Ashes (g/100 g)	7.0 ± 0.0^a	2.2 ± 0.0^b
Fat (g/100 g)	10.8 ± 0.0^a	0.9 ± 0.1^b
Protein (g/100 g)	10.9 ± 0.4^a	1.5 ± 0.2^b
Total carbohydrates (g/100 g)	68.0 ± 0.3^b	93.6 ± 0.2^a
Total dietary fiber (g/100 g)	41.7 ± 1.2^b	85.3 ± 0.5^a
Soluble fiber (g/100 g)	9.9 ± 0.1^b	22.3 ± 0.0^a
Insoluble fiber (g/100 g)	31.9 ± 0.7^b	63.1 ± 0.8^a
Titratable acidity (% CAE)	0.001 ± 0.0^a	0.004 ± 0.0^a
Water activity (Aw)	0.15 ± 0.0^a	0.06 ± 0.0^a
pH	3.7 ± 0.2^b	5.3 ± 0.1^a
Water holding capacity of IDF (g/g)	2.7 ± 0.0^b	3.8 ± 0.0^a
Oil holding capacity of IDF (g/g)	2.5 ± 0.1^b	3.5 ± 0.4^a

	GP	PS
Soluble PC (mg GAE/g)	99.1 ± 5.9^a	55.9 ± 0.2^b
Soluble flavonoids (mg CE/g)	54.3 ± 5.2^a	24.5 ± 9.6^b
Monomeric anthocyanin (EC₃G mg/g)	0.3 ± 0.01^a	0.09 ± 0.01^b
Condensed tannins (mg CE/g)	13.2 ± 1.9^a	12.9 ± 2.0^a
FRAP (µmol TEAC/g)	474.9 ± 47.5^a	519.1 ± 26.7^a
ABTS (µmol TEAC/g)	805.7 ± 65.2^a	890.8 ± 47.2^a
DPPH (µmol TEAC/g)	596.5 ± 30.1^b	642.1 ± 11.9^a

Compound	Formula	RT	Mass	RM	Content^*
Compound	Formula	RT	Mass	RM	GP	PS
Gallic acid	C₇H₆O₅	0.451	170.0217	170.0215	--	--
Vanillic acid	C₈H₈O₄	0.519	168.0416	168.0423	--	14.8 ± 2.0
m-Hydroxybenzoic acid	C₇H₆O₃	0.99	138.0318	138.0317	--	5.8 ± 0.2
Epigallocatechin	C₁₅H₁₄O₇	0.485	306.074	306.074	--	2.3 ± 0.1
Procyanidin B1(dimer)	C₃₀H₂₆O₁₂	0.754	578.1414	578.1424	42.6 ± 7.0	14.5 ± 1.0
B-type Procyanidin trimer 1	C₄₅H₃₈O₁₈	0.854	866.2048	866.2058	26.2 ± 4.4	4.4 ± 1.0
Catechin	C₁₅H₁₄O₆	0.889	290.0792	290.079	18.3 ± 0.0	--
Epicatechin	C₁₅H₁₄O₆	1.127	290.079	290.079	11.7 ± 0.2	--
B-type Procyanidin trimer 2	C₄₅H₃₈O₁₈	1.225	866.2042	866.2058	2.8 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.4
Eriodictyol	C₁₅H₁₂O₆	1.663	288.0639	288.0634	11.7 ± 0.5	--
Procyanidin B2 (dimer)	C₃₀H₂₆O₁₂	1.798	578.142	578.1424	24.8 ± 0.1	--
B-type Procyanidin trimer 3	C₄₅H₃₈O₁₈	2.269	866.2039	866.2058	3.4 ± 0.7	--
B-type Procyanidin trimer 4	C₄₅H₃₈O₁₈	2.639	866.2048	866.2058	26.4 ± 2.0	--.
Naringenin glucoside	C₂₁H₂₂O₁₀	3.616	434.1213	434.1213	8.3 ± 1.0	--
Isoquercetin	C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂	3.784	464.0953	464.0955	310.0 ± 13.0	7.0 ± 0.4
Methyl ellagic acid	C₁₅H₈O₈	4.088	316.0217	318.0376	--	1.3 ± 0.2
Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside	C₂₂H₂₂O₁₂	4.255	478.1113	478.1111	0.3 ± 0.0	--
Naringenin	C₁₅H₁₂O₅	5.838	272.069	272.0685	16.1 ± 1.2	--

Sample	Langmuir			Freundlich
Sample	Qmax	KL	R²	n	KL	R²
Raw GPE	--	--	--	1.02	0.54	0.98
Purified GPE	--	--	--	1.15	0.39	0.97
Isoquercetin in GPE	0.01	18.35	0.92	1.31	0.03	0.93
Raw PSE	0.87	1.10	0.98	1.53	0.40	0.96
Purified PSE	0.50	0.47	0.99	1.10	0.60	0.99
Catechin derivative in PSE	--	--	--	0.71	5.08	0.98
Ellagic acid derivative in PSE	--	--	--	0.75	2.77	0.99
Quercetin derivative in PSE	0.08	11.83	0.73	0.89	0.7	0.89
Epicatechin in PSE	0.01	169.8	0.93	1.01	0.76	0.96

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[1] *Corresponding author: ealvarez@uacj.mx