Structure, function and mechanism of edible fungus polysaccharides in human beings chronic diseases

LIU, Huijuan; LIU, Xiaoyi; XIE, Jiao; CHEN, Shuai

doi:10.1590/fst.111022

Huijuan LIU ^**Corresponding author: lhj1101180716@163.com; lxj4516@126.com

The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China

Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Food Nutrition and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-8908

Xiaoyi LIU

The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China

Jiao XIE ^**Corresponding author: lhj1101180716@163.com; lxj4516@126.com

The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China

Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Food Nutrition and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, PR China

Shuai CHEN

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China

*Corresponding author: lhj1101180716@163.com; lxj4516@126.com

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no competing interests associated with the manuscript.

Author contributions

Conceptualization and funding acquisition, literature collection, writing - review & editing, drawing, H.L.; Project administration, resources, X.L.; Literature collection, writing - review & editing, J.X.; Literature collection, S.C.. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Figures (6)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Chronic diseases in different parts of the human body.

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Figure 2
Edible fungus polysaccharides can resist a variety of chronic diseases.

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Figure 3
Anti-cancer pathways of edible fungus polysaccharides (Li et al., 2019aLi, X., He, Y., Zeng, P., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Hao, C., Wang, H., Lv, Z., & Zhang, L. (2019a). Molecular basis for Poria cocos mushroom polysaccharide used as an antitumour drug in China. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 23(1), 4-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13564. PMid:30444050.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13564... ).

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Figure 4
Anti-inflammatory effects of edible fungus polysaccharides (Li et al., 2021aLi, C., Wu, G., Zhao, H., Dong, N., Wu, B., Chen, Y., & Lu, Q. (2021a). Natural-derived polysaccharides from plants, mushrooms, and seaweeds for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 651813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.651813. PMid:33981232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.651... ).

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Figure 5
The antihypertensive process of edible fungi active substances (Ganesan & Xu, 2018Ganesan, K., & Xu, B. (2018). Anti-obesity effects of medicinal and edible mushrooms. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23(11), 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112880. PMid:30400600.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112... ).

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Figure 6
Structural characteristics of different edible fungus polysaccharides with specific biological activities (Guo et al., 2021Guo, Y., Chen, X., & Gong, P. (2021). Classification, structure and mechanism of antiviral polysaccharides derived from edible and medicinal fungus. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 183, 1753-1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.139. PMid:34048833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202... ). (a) MIPW50–1 (Morchella importuna polysaccharide); (b) HBP (Sarcodon aspratus (Berk.) polysaccharide); (c) TAP-3 (Tremella aurantialba Bandoni et Zang glucuronoxylomannan); (d) BSF-X (Boletus speciosus Frost polysaccharide); (e) The polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of G. sinense; (f) SB1–1 (Shiraia bambusicola polysaccharide); (g) EPA-1 (Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide).

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Table 1
The mechanisms of action of edible fungus polysaccharides on chronic diseases.

Polysaccharide source	Type of chronic diseases	Model	Mechanism	References
Ganoderma lucidum	Enteritis	Dextransulfate sodium salt-induced Wistar rats	Up-regulating the expressions of Ruminococcus 1, CCL5, Cd3e, Cd8a, Il-21r, Lck and Trbv; down-regulating the expressions of E. coli-Shigella, CCL3, Gro, IL-11, MHC-2 and Ptgs	(Xie et al., 2019Xie, J., Liu, Y., Chen, B., Zhang, G., Ou, S., Luo, J., & Peng, X. (2019). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide improves rat DSS-induced colitis by altering cecal microbiota and gene expression of colonic epithelial cells. Food & Nutrition Research, 63(0), 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v63.1559. PMid:30814921. http://dx.doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v63.1559... )
Hericium erinaceus	Enteritis	Dextransulfate sodium salt-induced C57BL/6 mice	Up-regulating the expressions of T-SOD and Bacteroides; down-regulating the expressions of NO, MDA, MPO, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, p-p65/p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, pAkt/Akt, p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK and p-JNK/JNK; reducing the numbers of Verrucobacterium, Actinomyces, Arthrobacter, Methylobacter, Succinyl Vibrio, Desulfovibrio .	(Ren et al., 2018Ren, Y., Geng, Y., Du, Y., Li, W., Lu, Z. M., Xu, H. Y., Xu, G. H., Shi, J. S., & Xu, Z. H. (2018). Polysaccharide of Hericium erinaceus attenuates colitis in C57BL/6 mice via regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation-related signaling pathways and modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 57, 67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.005. PMid:29677563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018... )
Pleurotus djamor	Chronic renal failure	Chronic renal failure mouse model	Clearing DPPH and superoxide anion free radicals; enhancing the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT; reducing the level of MDA; increasing the expression of HO-1 protein; reducing the levels of CREA, UA and UREA; inhibiting the up-regulation of IL-6 and TNF-α; reducing the levels of TGFβ1 and Smad3	(Li et al., 2021bLi, H., Feng, Y., Sun, W., Kong, Y., & Jia, L. (2021b). Antioxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-fibrosis effect of phosphorylated polysaccharides from Pleurotus djamor mycelia on adenine-induced chronic renal failure mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 170, 652-663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.159. PMid:33359803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202... )
Armillariella tabescens mycelia	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)	A mouse model of insulin resistance in T2DM induced by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin	Inhibiting the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and activating the AMPK pathway	(Yang et al., 2020Yang, R., Li, Y., Cai, J., Ji, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., Pan, W., & Chen, Y. (2020). Polysaccharides from Armillariella tabescens mycelia ameliorate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice. Food & Function, 11(11), 9675-9685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0FO00728E. PMid:33057558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0FO00728E... )
Hericium erinaceus	Enteritis	HOAc-induced SD rats; H₂O₂-induced Caco-2 cells	Up-regulating the levels of MMP, SOD, ATP, Bcl-2, IBA, GPR41, GPR43 and IgM; down-regulating the levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, ROS, p-p65, p65, caspase-3 and C3	(Shao et al., 2019Shao, S., Wang, D., Zheng, W., Li, X., Zhang, H., Zhao, D., & Wang, M. (2019). A unique polysaccharide from Hericium erinaceus mycelium ameliorates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis rats by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids levels and GPR41/43 respectors. International Immunopharmacology, 71, 411-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.038. PMid:31059977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.... ; Wang et al., 2019aWang, D., Zhang, Y., Yang, S., Zhao, D., & Wang, M. (2019a). A polysaccharide from cultured mycelium of Hericium erinaceus relieves ulcerative colitis by counteracting oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 125, 572-579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.092. PMid:30543884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... )
Poria cocos	Enteritis	TNBS-induced Kunming mice	Increasing the levels of IL-4, IL-10 and DHT; decreasing the levels of MPO, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, L-1β, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-17, Hmgcs2, Fabp2, Hp, B4galnt2, B3gnt6, Sap and Ca1	(Liu et al., 2018aLiu, X., Yu, X., Xu, X., Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2018a). The protective effects of Poria cocos-derived polysaccharide CMP33 against IBD in mice and its molecular mechanism. Food & Function, 9(11), 5936-5949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8FO01604F. PMid:30378628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C8FO01604F... )
Poria cocos	Breast cancer	Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells	Inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio	(Zhang et al., 2006Zhang, M., Chiu, L. C., Cheung, P. C. K., & Ooi, V. E. C. (2006). Growth-inhibitory effects of a beta-glucan from the mycelium of Poria cocos on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells: cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Oncology Reports, 15(3), 637-643. PMid:16465424.)
Inonotus obliquus	Enteritis	Dextransulfate sodium salt-induced BALB/c mice	Up-regulating the levels of ZO-1, occludin, IL-4, IL-10, GATA-3, Foxp3 and p-STAT6; down-regulating the levels of p-STAT1, p-STAT3, IFN-γ, IL-17, T-bet and ROR-γt	(Chen et al., 2019Chen, Y. F., Zheng, J. J., Qu, C., Xiao, Y., Li, F. F., Jin, Q. X., Li, H. H., Meng, F. P., Jin, G. H., & Jin, D. (2019). Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide ameliorates dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis involving modulation of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 47(1), 757-766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2019.1577877. PMid:30856346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2019.... )
Dictyophora indusiata	Enteritis	Dextransulfate sodium salt-induced C57BL/6 mice	Up-regulating the levels of GSH, HO^-, IL-10, Bcl-2, TJP1 and IRF4; down-regulating the levels of MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, p-IκBα, p-STAT3, Bax, IRF5 and CD86	(Wang et al., 2019bWang, Y., Ji, X., Yan, M., Chen, X., Kang, M., Teng, L., Wu, X., Chen, J., & Deng, C. (2019b). Protective effect and mechanism of polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 140, 973-984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.198. PMid:31449863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... )
Flammuliana velutipes	Enteritis	Dextransulfate sodium salt-induced SD rats	Up-regulating the levels of SOD and IVA; down-regulating the levels of MPO, NO, DAO, TLR4, NF-κB and p-p65	(Zhang et al., 2020aZhang, R., Yuan, S., Ye, J., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Shen, J., Yuan, M., & Liao, W. (2020a). Polysaccharide from flammuliana velutipes improves colitis via regulation of colonic microbial dysbiosis and inflammatory responses. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 149, 1252-1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.044. PMid:32035958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202... )
Antrodia cinnamomea	Lung cancer	Lung cancer cells	Inducing the proteasome-dependent degradation pathway; reducing TGFR protein level	(Lu et al., 2017Lu, M. K., Lin, T. Y., Chao, C. H., Hu, C. H., & Hsu, H. Y. (2017). Molecular mechanism of Antrodia cinnamomea sulfated polysaccharide on the suppression of lung cancer cell growth and migration via induction of transforming growth factor beta receptor degradation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 95, 1144-1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.004. PMid:27818294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... )
Poria polysaccharide	Boost the immune system	Immunodeficient mice	Increasing the levels of serum IgA, IgG and IgM; Increasing the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4	(Zhang et al., 2014Zhang, W. Y., Yang, Y., Chen, C. L., Li, J., He, B., Li, Z. J., Chen, P. Y., Zhang, S. S., Chen, F. J., Dai, W., & Cao, J. Y. (2014). The effects of Poria cocos on immune function of immune deficit mice. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 34(2), 283-287.)

[1] *Corresponding author: lhj1101180716@163.com; lxj4516@126.com

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Structure, function and mechanism of edible fungus polysaccharides in human beings chronic diseases

Abstract