Assessment of components of <i>Gingko biloba</i> leaves collected from different regions of China that contribute to its antioxidant effects for improved quality monitoring

LI, Li; ZHANG, Ming-Xu; WANG, Xiao-Yue; YANG, Yun-Li; GONG, Xue; WANG, Cong-Cong; XU, Jin-Fan; LI, Min-Hui

doi:10.1590/fst.33620

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 41 (suppl 2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.33620 copy

Assessment of components of Gingko biloba leaves collected from different regions of China that contribute to its antioxidant effects for improved quality monitoring

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Ginkgo biloba leaves are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Owing to its wide distribution across China with varying geographical environments and climatic characteristics, G. biloba leaf products have different active ingredients and degrees of activities, which poses a challenge for quality control and standardization. We aimed to identify the key factors contributing to the quality of G. biloba based on assessment of anti-aging and antioxidative components. G. biloba leaf samples collected from 14 different regions in China were analyzed for antioxidant activities by the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging assay, and the levels of terpene lactones and flavonoids were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography. Correlation analysis attributed the antioxidant activity of G. biloba leaf samples of different origins to isoginkgetin and ginkgetin, which also affected the matrix metalloproteinase-1 levels of fibroblasts, determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Therefore, appropriate quality control of a collected G. biloba sample could be achieved by determining the levels of isoginkgetin and ginkgetin as anti-aging and antioxidant components. The results further provide a foundation for the application of G. biloba leaves as an antioxidant raw material.

Keywords:
antioxidant; anti-aging activity; Ginkgo biloba; ginkgetin; isoginkgetin

No.	Origin	Latitude	Longitude
1	Anguo	N38°42’	E115°33’
2	Liaoning	N38°43′-43°26′	E118°53′-125°46′
3	Xuzhou	N33°43′-34°58′	E116°22′-118°40′
4	Jinan	N6°35′-36°40′	E116°54′-117°02′
5	Nanjing	N31°14′-32°37′	E118°22′-119°14′
6	Sichuan	N26°03′-34°19′	E97°21′-108°12′
7	Hubei	N29°01′-33°6′	E108°21′-116°07′
8	Tancheng	N34°22′-34°56′	E118°05′-118°31′
9	Shaoyang	N25°58’-27°40'	E109°49'-112°57'
10	Xinjiang	N34°22′-49°10′	E73°40′-96°23′
11	Lianyungang	N33°59′-35°07′	E118°24′~119°48′
12	Hebei	N36°05′-42°40′	E113°27′-119°50′
13	Guangdong	N20°13′-25°31′	E109°39′-117°19′
14	Zhengzhou	N34°16′-34°58′	E112°42′-114°14′

Origin	Rutin	Quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside	Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside	Myricetin	Apigenin	Isoginkgetin	Ginkgetin	Ginkgolide A	Ginkgolide B	Ginkgolide C	Ginkgolide J	Bilobalide
1	5.28 ± 0.05	1.70±0.003	2.49±0.06	2.30±0.02	2.70±0.03	1.49±0.01	6.34±0.06	5.09±0.08	0.82±0.04	1.52±0.09	1.27±0.02	0.22±0.03	8.62±0.11
2	6.80 ± 0.01	1.93 ± 0.003	2.41 ± 0.00	2.61 ± 0.01	4.00 ± 0.02	1.45 ± 0.02	6.05 ± 0.04	5.29 ± 0.01	1.78 ± 0.04	1.76 ± 0.04	1.06 ± 0.01	0.43 ± 0.02	8.91 ± 0.42
3	8.68 ± 0.19	2.48 ± 0.03	2.53 ± 0.18	2.67 ± 0.01	6.03 ± 0.05	—	7.07 ± 0.14	6.63 ± 0.10	4.18 ± 0.04	2.77 ± 0.29	1.81 ± 0.53	0.92 ± 0.02	22.89 ± 0.25
4	6.44 ± 0.03	1.89 ± 0.01	2.57 ± 0.17	2.45 ± 0.06	3.72 ± 0.05	1.48 ± 0.03	6.63 ± 0.03	5.95 ± 0.01	1.18 ± 0.11	1.64 ± 0.23	1.05 ± 0.16	0.27 ± 0.09	7.85 ± 0.16
5	4.27 ± 0.08	1.36 ± 0.02	—	2.39 ± 0.03	4.01 ± 0.06	1.90 ± 0.01	6.33 ± 0.07	5.83 ± 0.08	1.93 ± 0.08	2.16 ± 0.19	2.05 ± 0.07	0.34 ± 0.13	11.43 ± 0.45
6	5.15 ± 0.01	1.60 ± 0.13	—	2.37 ± 0.01	3.40 ± 0.01	1.64 ± 0.01	6.09 ± 0.01	5.36 ± 0.01	1.61 ± 0.03	2.18 ± 0.13	1.82 ± 0.08	0.40 ± 0.13	10.75 ± 0.06
7	7.28 ± 0.01	2.14 ± 0.01	2.60 ± 0.01	3.29 ± 0.07	4.72 ± 0.01	1.31 ± 0.00	5.70 ± 0.02	6.37 ± 0.01	2.38 ± 0.02	2.98 ± 0.23	3.54 ± 0.01	0.66 ± 0.05	18.86 ± 0.13
8	4.20 ± 0.08	1.38 ± 0.01	—	—	3.30 ± 0.04	1.49 ± 0.01	5.76 ± 0.06	5.96 ± 0.07	2.37 ± 0.08	2.77 ± 0.15	3.12 ± 0.08	0.54 ± 0.15	11.83 ± 0.29
9	4.15 ± 0.03	1.77 ± 0.02	2.40 ± 0.02	2.43 ± 0.02	5.31 ± 0.04	—	2.78 ± 0.07	4.45 ± 0.06	2.53 ± 0.14	2.02 ± 0.16	2.17 ± 0.06	0.38 ± 0.03	21.92 ± 0.28
10	7.52 ± 0.28	2.51 ± 0.01	2.62 ± 0.01	2.75 ± 0.03	5.20 ± 0.01	1.56 ± 0.01	8.03 ± 0.01	6.36 ± 0.01	2.21 ± 0.19	2.33 ± 0.16	1.99 ± 0.04	0.52 ± 0.16	11.15 ± 0.19
11	4.94 ± 0.01	2.35 ± 0.01	2.78 ± 0.01	2.70 ± 0.02	3.63 ± 0.01	1.31 ± 0.01	7.56 ± 0.02	4.98 ± 0.02	1.37 ± 0.11	2.14 ± 0.28	1.41 ± 0.03	0.43 ± 0.03	10.62 ± 0.53
12	5.72 ± 0.02	2.01 ± 0.01	2.65 ± 0.01	2.75 ± 0.01	3.57 ± 0.02	—	7.16 ± 0.04	6.13 ± 0.03	1.01 ± 0.03	1.74 ± 0.08	1.82 ± 0.01	0.30 ± 0.12	11.04 ± 0.68
13	5.16 ± 0.01	1.65 ± 0.01	2.51 ± 0.01	2.34 ± 0.01	3.07 ± 0.01	1.51 ± 0.02	5.62 ± 0.04	5.83 ± 0.09	0.93 ± 0.10	1.69 ± 0.08	1.29 ± 0.07	0.27 ± 0.02	10.37 ± 0.25
14	6.94 ± 0.01	2.19 ± 0.002	—	2.63 ± 0.01	16.52 ± 0.01	1.15 ± 0.01	5.74 ± 0.04	4.81 ± 0.01	7.55 ± 0.19	3.60 ± 0.14	4.45 ± 0.75	1.42 ± 0.08	48.95 ± 1.45

Origin	1 (mg/ mL)	0.5 (mg/mL)	0.25 (mg/mL)	0.125 (mg/mL)	0.06 (mg/mL)	0.03 (mg/mL)	IC₅₀ (mg/mL)
1	90.31 ± 0.76	78.98 ± 1.28	48.48 ± 1.85	37.25 ± 1.78	26.30 ± 1.96	12.56 ± 2.11	0.296
2	82.44 ± 2.59	75.47 ± 0.29	46.81 ± 0.78	32.40 ± 1.31	19.98 ± 1.48	4.01 ± 0.05	0.379
3	93.50 ± 0.82	91.51 ± 0.87	66.89 ± 1.53	60.02 ± 1.75	37.48 ± 1.98	26.99 ± 1.29	0.131
4	96.22 ± 1.20	70.90 ± 2.66	60.20 ± 2.89	40.20 ± 1.57	33.74 ± 1.21	21.16 ± 1.78	0.237
5	98.33 ± 1.54	76.43 ± 2.25	58.01 ± 1.94	43.37 ± 1.78	30.54 ± 1.04	22.18 ± 1.27	0.221
6	85.07 ± 2.45	67.52 ± 2.11	51.11 ± 2.50	42.41 ± 1.70	30.59 ± 1.92	24.11 ± 1.06	0.301
7	90.47 ± 0.23	85.97 ± 2.91	55.01 ± 1.47	40.07 ± 1.26	31.98 ± 2.26	17.74 ± 0.85	0.239
8	86.06 ± 1.42	71.31 ± 1.51	53.40 ± 1.37	31.23 ± 1.30	33.58 ± 1.09	26.14 ± 0.90	0.254
9	76.22 ± 1.70	62.12 ± 1.61	35.33 ± 1.04	35.54 ± 2.02	24.40 ± 1.08	13.48 ± 1.86	0.461
10	96.66 ± 2.37	88.21 ± 2.50	62.48 ± 2.92	39.49 ± 2.34	37.54 ± 1.20	16.70 ± 5.08	0.196
11	86.35 ± 1.87	79.39 ± 1.67	69.71 ± 1.65	40.92 ± 2.02	25.70 ± 1.89	18.96 ± 0.19	0.262
12	97.47 ± 1.93	87.65 ± 1.40	62.40 ± 0.90	44.36 ± 1.33	28.43 ± 1.71	14.67 ± 1.90	0.203
13	80.66 ± 2.08	62.47 ± 1.84	48.19 ± 2.67	39.85 ± 2.25	29.86 ± 0.89	9.54 ± 1.01	0.386
14	95.81 ± 1.85	75.12 ± 1.18	53.08 ± 2.00	43.33 ± 0.46	30.12 ± 1.24	14.99 ± 2.21	0.254

Compounds	Correlation	Compound	Correlation
Rutin	-0.518	Ginkgetin	-0.703^ P < 0.01.
Quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside	-0.426	Ginkgolide A	-0.215
Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid	0.069	Ginkgolide B	-0.375
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside	-0.079	Ginkgolide C	-0.20
Myricetin	-0.125	Ginkgolide J	-0.329
Apigenin	0.035	Bilobalide	-0.074
Isoginkgetin	-0.761**

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[1] *Corresponding author: prof_liminhui@yeah.net