Effect of Amaranth addition on the nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of extruded provitamin A-biofortified maize snacks

BESWA, Daniso; DLAMINI, Nomusa Rhoda; SIWELA, Muthulisi; AMONSOU, Eric Oscar; KOLANISI, Unathi

doi:10.1590/1678-457X.6813

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Food Science and Technology

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Research Paper • Food Sci. Technol (Campinas) 36 (1) • Jan-Mar 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.6813 copy

Effect of Amaranth addition on the nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of extruded provitamin A-biofortified maize snacks

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding Amaranth leaf powder on the nutrient content and consumer acceptability of extruded provitamin A-biofortified (PVA) maize snacks. Flours of four varieties of PVA maize were composited with Amaranth leaf powder at 0, 1 and 3% (w/w) substitution of, respectively, and extruded into snacks. The ash content of the snacks increased from 0.53 g/100 g-0.58 g/100 g to 0.650 g/100g-89 g/100 g and protein content increased from 9.12 g/100 g-10.94 g/100 g when Amaranth was increased from 0% to 3%. Similarly, lysine content increased from 0.10 g/100 g to 0.17 g/100 g, whilst methionine increased from 0.14 g/100 g to 0.19 g/100 g. The provitamin A content of the snacks ranged from 1.29 µg/g to 1.40 µg/g at 0% Amaranth and 1.54 µg/g to 1.78 µg/g at 3% Amaranth. The acceptability of the snacks decreased with increasing Amaranth concentration, only a very small proportion (2-8%) of the panel liked the snacks extremely. PVA maize with added Amaranth leaf powder has a potential for use in nutritious and healthy extruded snacks, but the consumer acceptability of the snacks should be improved.

under-nutrition; fortification; sensory analysis

Maize variety	Moisture (g/100 g)	Ash (g/100 g)	Fibre (g/100 g)	Fat (g/100 g)	Protein (g/100 g)	Carbohydrate (g/100 g)
White maize	8.06^c ± 0.14	1.02^f ± 0.01	15.37^d ± 0.01	5.81^f ± 0.01	10.48^e ± 0.01	59.26^b ± 0.14
PVAH79-100	9.09^e ± 0.03	0.66^b ± 0.01	9.75^c ± 0.03	3.71^c ± 0.01	10.45^c ± 0.01	66.34^c ± 0.05
PVAH1-26	9.34^f ± 0.03	0.52^a ± 0.01	9.86^c ± 0.03	3.50^b ± 0.01	10.59^d ± 0.01	66.18^c ± 0.05
PVAH27-49	7.28^a ± 0.27	0.85^d ± 0.01	8.12^a ± 0.27	4.33^e ± 0.01	10.37^b ± 0.01	69.05^e ± 0.54
PVAH50-75	8.35^d ± 0.03	0.71^c ± 0.01	9.06^b ± 0.02	3.75^d ± 0.01	10.17^a ± 0.01	67.95^d ± 0.03
Amaranth leaf powder	7.50^b ± 0.20	10.61^e ± 0.01	18.11^e ± 0.20	3.02^a ± 0.01	32.51^f ± 0.01	28.24^a ± 0.39

Maize variety and Amaranth	Amaranth concentration	Ash g/100 g	Fat g/100 g	ADF g/100 g	NDF g/100 g	Zn mg/kg	Fe mg/kg
White maize	Grain	1.02^j ± 0.01	5.81^k ± 0.01	4.90^de ± 0.01	10.46^f ± 0.01	26.33^e ± 0.58	20.67^b ± 0.58
	0%	0.40^a ± 0.04	0.04^a ± 0.02	2.36^a ± 0.04	4.53^c ± 0.15	25.00^e ± 2.65	120.00^e ± 2.65
PVAH79-100	Grain	0.66^def ± 0.01	3.71ⁱ ± 0.01	5.30^e ± 0.00	10.60^f ± 0.00	20.33^bcd ± 0.58	8.67^a ± 0.58
	0%	0.55^cd ± 0.05	0.44^d ± 0.06	2.96^b ± 0.04	17.18^h ± 0.58	25.00^e ± 1.73	115.67^de ± 4.93
	1%	0.70^efg ± 0.03	0.06^a ± 0.03	1.89^a ± 0.12	4.51^c ± 0.18	21.00^cd ± 2.65	155.33^f ± 5.51
	3%	0.81^ghi ± 0.03	0.12^b ± 0.02	6.46^f ± 0.28	5.06^c ± 0.46	18.67^bc ± 1.53	259.00^j ± 2.65
PVAH1-26	Grain	0.52^abc ± 0.01	3.50^h ± 0.02	6.30^f ± 0.00	9.90^e ± 0.00	20.33^bcd ± 0.58	8.67^a ± 0.58
	0%	0.58^cde ± 0.02	0.46^d ± 0.01	3.36^b ± 0.23	17.12^h ± 0.57	26.33^e ± 1.53	118.33^de ± 1.53
	1%	0.42^ab ± 0.04	0.13^b ± 0.03	2.16^a ± 0.52	1.56^a ± 0.12	17.33^b ± 1.53	67.33^c ± 3.79
	3%	0.65^def ± 0.08	0.45^d ± 0.07	3.88^c ± 0.34	6.75^d ± 0.26	10.67^a ± 1.53	117.67^de ± 3.21
PVAH27-49	Grain	0.85^hi ± 0.01	4.33^j ± 0.01	6.20^f ± 0.00	11.40^g ± 0.00	23.67^de ± 0.58	11.33^a ± 0.58
	0%	0.58^cde ± 0.03	0.44^d ± 0.03	3.08^b ± 0.21	17.12^h ± 0.34	24.67^e ± 1.53	115.00^de ± 2.65
	1%	0.80^ghi ± 0.03	0.57^e ± 0.04	4.65^d ± 0.17	5.04^c ± 0.29	20.33^bcd ± 2.89	188.00^h ± 2.65
	3%	0.75^fgh ± 0.05	0.63^f ± 0.04	4.42^d ± 0.50	3.30^b ± 0.61	12.00^a ± 1.73	112.67^d ± 5.51
PVAH50-75	Grain	0.71^fg ± 0.01	3.75ⁱ ± 0.01	6.00^f ± 0.00	11.50^g ± 0.00	23.67^de ± 0.58	8.33^a ± 0.58
	0%	0.53^bcd ± 0.04	0.44^d ± 0.04	3.02^b ± 0.28	17.45^h ± 0.43	25.33^e ± 2.08	115.67^de ± 4.93
	1%	1.26^k ± 0.03	0.53^e ± 0.04	4.58^d ± 0.76	3.52^b ± 0.22	23.00^de ± 2.65	240.00ⁱ ± 4.36
	3%	0.89ⁱ ± 0.11	0.29^c ± 0.03	5.29^e ± 0.15	6.52^d ± 0.31	21.33^cd ± 2.08	179.33^g ± 4.62
Amaranth leaf powder		10.57^l ± 0.05	3.03^g ± 0.02	16.73^g ± 0.02	19.88ⁱ ± 0.08	31.33^f ± 2.08	971.67^k ± 2.31

Maize variety and Amaranth			Amaranth concentration	Protein	Histidine	Threonine	Lysine	Methionine	Valine	Isoleucine	Leucine	Phenylalanine
White maize			Maize flour	10.48^ef ± 0.01	0.18^abcd ± 0.06	0.21^bcd ± 0.03	0.21^e ± 0.05	0.20^h ± 0.05	0.35^cdef ± 0.04	0.21^cdef ± 0.03	0.90^cd ± 0.03	0.34^a ± 0.03
	Snack (0% Amaranth)			7.49^a ± 0.04	0.17^b ±0.02	0.14^a ±0.02	0.06^a ±0.01	0.10^b ±0.01	0.23^a ±0.02	0.16^a ±0.02	0.78^a ± 0.02	0.30^cde ± 0.03
PVAH79-100			Maize flour	10.45^ef ± 0.01	0.17^e ± 0.02	0.26^ef ± 0.01	0.20^cde ± 0.03	0.12^bcde ± 0.02	0.30^ef ± 0.02	0.22^b ± 0.02	0.96^de ± 0.02	0.37^efg ± 0.02
	Snack (0% Amaranth)			9.24^c ± 0.35	0.15^a ± 0.02	0.23^cde ± 0.02	0.13^bcd ± 0.02	0.15^cdef ± 0.02	0.28^def ± 0.03	0.21^ef ± 0.02	0.90^cd ± 0.03	0.30^bc ± 0.04
	Snack 1% (Amaranth)			9.72^cd ± 0.40	0.20^bcd ± 0.02	0.22^cde ± 0.03	0.16^cde ± 0.02	0.18^fg ± 0.02	0.29^ab ± 0.03	0.17^ab ± 0.02	0.91^cd ± 0.03	0.33^bcde ± 0.02
	Snack 3% (Amaranth)			10.20^def ± 0.55	0.20^bcd ± 0.02	0.23^cde ± 0.02	0.17^de ± 0.01	0.19^g ± 0.01	0.36^bcdef ± 0.03	0.20^bcdef ± 0.02	0.92^cd ± 0.03	0.32^bcd ± 0.03
PVAH1-26			Maize flour	10.59^f ± 0.01	0.20^bcd ± 0.03	0.28^f ± 0.05	0.21^e ± 0.02	0.14^bcde ± 0.03	0.40^g ± 0.04	0.27^g ± 0.04	1.22^f ± 0.07	0.40^fg ± 0.04
	Snack (0% Amaranth)			9.12^c ± 0.56	0.15^a ± 0.02	0.18^ab ± 0.03	0.10^ab ± 0.02	0.14^cdef ± 0.02	0.29^abcd ± 0.02	0.18^abcd ± 0.01	0.90^cd ± 0.02	0.33^bcde ± 0.02
	Snack 1% (Amaranth)			8.24^b ± 0.58	0.17^abc ± 0.02	0.20^bc ± 0.02	0.13^bcd ± 0.02	0.05^a ± 0.02	0.28^abc ± 0.01	0.17^abc ± 0.02	0.79^a ± 0.02	0.20^a ± 0.01
	Snack 3% (Amaranth)			9.13^c ± 0.43	0.20^bcd ± 0.02	0.25^def ± 0.01	0.13^bcd ± 0.02	0.15^def ± 0.02	0.33^f ± 0.03	0.23^f ± 0.02	0.92^cd ± 0.01	0.37^def ± 0.02
PVAH27-49			Maize flour	10.37^def ± 0.01	0.18^e ± 0.02	0.26^ef ± 0.02	0.19^de ± 0.04	0.13^b ± 0.02	0.34^cdef ± 0.02	0.21^cdef ± 0.03	1.00^e ± 0.03	0.33^bcde ± 0.02
	Snack (0% Amaranth)			9.16^c ± 0.52	0.17^abcd ± 0.02	0.17^ab ± 0.02	0.11^bc ± 0.02	0.15^def ± 0.02	0.31^bcdef ± 0.02	0.20^bcdef ± 0.01	0.93^cd ± 0.02	0.35^cdef ± 0.02
	Snack 1% (Amaranth)			9.79^cde ± 0.34	0.18^abcd ± 0.01	0.24^cde ± 0.02	0.13^bcd ± 0.02	0.12^bcde ± 0.01	0.32^ef ± 0.02	0.22^ef ± 0.01	0.87^bc ± 0.02	0.30^bc ± 0.03
	Snack 3% (Amaranth)			9.10^c ± 0.55	0.21^d ± 0.02	0.23^cde ± 0.02	0.13^bcd ± 0.02	0.16^ef ± 0.02	0.38^f ± 0.02	0.23^f ± 0.02	0.96^de ± 0.02	0.42^g ± 0.02
PVAH50-75			Maize flour	10.17^def ± 0.01	0.15^a ± 0.02	0.34^g ± 0.01	0.26^f ± 0.03	0.13^cde ± 0.02	0.51^g ± 0.02	0.27^g ± 0.02	1.33^g ± 0.02	0.42^g ± 0.02
	Snack (0% Amaranth)			9.29^c ± 0.42	0.15^ab ± 0.01	0.23^cde ± 0.01	0.11^bc ± 0.02	0.14^cdef ± 0.01	0.29^abcde ± 0.02	0.18^abcde ± 0.01	0.90^cd ± 0.02	0.34^cde ± 0.01
	Snack 1% (Amaranth)			10.06^def ± 0.49	0.18^abcd ± 0.01	0.24^cde ± 0.01	0.14^bcd ± 0.01	0.11^bc ± 0.02	0.33^abc ± 0.02	0.17^abc ± 0.02	0.82^ab ± 0.09	0.28^b ± 0.07
	Snack 3% (Amaranth)			10.74^f ± 0.57	0.21^d ± 0.02	0.25^def ± 0.02	0.17^de ± 0.02	0.12^bcde ± 0.01	0.37^cdef ± 0.02	0.21^cdef ± 0.03	0.96^de ± 0.02	0.32^bcde ± 0.03
Amaranth		Amaranth leaf powder		32.50^g ± 0.03	0.31^f ± 0.04	0.77^h ± 0.04	1.13^g ± 0.10	0.25^h ± 0.03	1.01^h ± 0.06	0.75^h ± 0.03	1.34^g ± 0.09	0.89^h ± 0.02

Maize variety and Amaranth	Flour and Snacks	β-carotene	9-cis- β-carotene	13-cis- β-carotene	β-cryptoxanthin	Tot ProvA^* * Total provitamin A = (all-trans+9-cis+13-cis β-carotene isomers) + 0.5 (β-cryptoxanthin).
White maize flour	Maize flour	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d
	0% Amaranth	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d	n.d
PVAH79-100	Maize flour	0.83^c ± 0.01	0.53^d ± 0.03	0.47^bc ± 0.05	1.17^fg ± 0.02	2.41^g ± 0.09
	0% Amaranth	0.49^a ± 0.02	0.36^a ± 0.01	0.33^a ± 0.01	0.39^a ± 0.01	1.36^a ± 0.02
	1% Amaranth	0.70^b ± 0.01	0.41^bc ± 0.01	0.36^abc ± 0.01	0.43^ab ± 0.01	1.69^def ± 0.03
	3% Amaranth	0.80^c ± 0.02	0.40^abc ± 0.01	0.36^abc ± 0.01	0.43^ab ± 0.02	1.78^ef ± 0.04
PVAH1-26	Maize flour	0.83^c ± 0.03	0.53^d ± 0.01	0.47^bc ± 0.02	1.53ⁱ ± 0.04	2.59^h ± 0.05
	0% Amaranth	0.41^a ± 0.01	0.38^abc ± 0.02	0.31^a ± 0.01	0.39^a ± 0.01	1.29^a ± 0.01
	1% Amaranth	0.66^b ± 0.00	0.40^abc ± 0.01	0.37^abc ± 0.01	0.58^d ± 0.02	1.71^def ± 0.02
	3% Amaranth	0.62^b ± 0.02	0.38^abc ± 0.01	0.36^abc ± 0.01	0.41^ab ± 0.03	1.56^bc ± 0.02
PVAH27-49	Maize flour	0.86^c ± 0.02	0.57^d ± 0.05	0.47^bc ± 0.02	1.15^f ± 0.06	2.47^gh ± 0.07
	0% Amaranth	0.47^a ± 0.01	0.41^abc ± 0.02	0.32^a ± 0.01	0.39^a ± 0.02	1.40^a ± 0.02
	1% Amaranth	0.80^c ± 0.01	0.42^c ± 0.01	0.38^abc ± 0.01	0.42^ab ± 0.01	1.81^f ± 0.02
	3% Amaranth	0.68^b ± 0.02	0.39^abc ± 0.01	0.37^abc ± 0.01	0.49^c ± 0.01	1.68^cde ± 0.03
PVAH50-75	Maize flour	0.88^c ± 0.05	0.57^d ± 0.08	0.47^bc ± 0.01	1.21^g ± 0.06	2.52^gh ± 0.13
	0% Amaranth	0.49^a ± 0.02	0.36^ab ± 0.03	0.33^ab ± 0.03	1.38^h ± 0.02	1.34^a ± 0.02
	1% Amaranth	0.66^b ± 0.04	0.38^abc ± 0.01	0.37^abc ± 0.01	0.45^bc ± 0.01	1.63^bcd ± 0.05
	3% Amaranth	0.63^b ± 0.06	0.37^abc ± 0.01	0.35^abc ± 0.02	0.38^a ± 0.01	1.54^b ± 0.07
Amaranth leaf	Powder	68.77^d ± 0.20	13.57^e ± 0.03	14.00^d ± 0.28	0.70^e ± 0.03	96.68ⁱ ± 0.20

Maize variety		Rating	Appearance	Colour	Aroma	Texture	Taste	Overall Acceptability
Prov A snack	0% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	2^a a Number of subjects. (4)^b b Percentage of total number of participants; PVAH = provitamin A hybrid.	2 (4)	4 (8)	1 (2)	4 (8)	1 (2)
		Dislike moderately	4 (8)	4 (8)	6 (12)	16 (32)	20 (40)	5 (10)
		Neither dislike nor like	12 (24)	8 (16)	28 (56)	11 (22)	12 (24)	22 (44)
		Like moderately	26 (52)	27 (54)	10 (20)	16 (32)	10 (20)	21 (42)
		Like extremely	6 (12)	9 (18)	2 (4)	6 (12)	4 (8)	1 (2)
PVAH 79-100	1% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	5 (10)	5 (10)	5 (10)	6 (12)	5 (10)	3 (6)
		Dislike moderately	8 (16)	9 (18)	10 (20)	6 (12)	11 (22)	5 (10)
		Neither dislike nor like	14 (28)	8 (16)	18 (36)	10 (20)	15 (30)	22 (44)
		Like moderately	20 (40)	20 (40)	12 (24)	26 (52)	16 (32)	16 (32)
		Like extremely	3 (6)	8 (16)	5 (10)	2 (2)	3 (6)	4 (8)
	3% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (2)	5 (10)	6 (12)	2 (4)
		Dislike moderately	10 (20)	8 (16)	15 (30)	13 (26)	18 (36)	7 (14)
		Neither dislike nor like	5 (10)	5 (10)	21 (42)	15 (30)	11 (22)	20 (40)
		Like moderately	26 (52)	25 (50)	12 (24)	14 (28)	13 (26)	17 (34)
		Like extremely	9 (18)	12 (24)	1 (2)	3 (6)	2 (4)	4 (8)
PVAH1-26	1% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	5 (10)	5 (10)	5 (10)	2 (4)	6 (12)	4 (8)
		Dislike moderately	20 (40)	14 (28)	14 (28)	17 (34)	13 (26)	14 (28)
		Neither dislike nor like	12 (24)	8 (16)	14 (28)	14 (28)	19 (38)	17 (34)
		Like moderately	10 (20)	15 (30)	13 (26)	15 (30)	8 (16)	14 (28)
		Like extremely	3 (6)	8 (16)	4 (8)	2 (4)	4 (8)	1 (2)
	3% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	9 (18)	5 (10)	11 (22)	8 (16)	7 (14)	0 (0)
		Dislike moderately	10 (20)	11 (22)	9 (18)	15 (30)	15 (30)	14 (28)
		Neither dislike nor like	13 (26)	12 (24)	19 (38)	7 (14)	18 (36)	22 (44)
		Like moderately	14 (28)	14 (28)	8 (16)	17 (34)	8 (16)	12 (24)
		Like extremely	4 (8)	8 (16)	3 (6)	3 (6)	2 (4)	2 (4)
PVAH27-49	1% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	4 (8)	4 (8)	3 (6)	9 (18)	9 (18)	1 (2)
		Dislike moderately	9 (18)	13 (26)	18 (36)	16 (32)	15 (30)	14 (28)
		Neither dislike nor like	18 (36)	14 (28)	13 (26)	5 (10)	15 (30)	16 (32)
		Like moderately	16 (32)	18 (36)	8 (16)	15 (30)	4 (8)	15 (30)
		Like extremely	3 (6)	1 (2)	8 (16)	5 (10)	7 (14)	4 (8)
	3% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	5 (10)	6 (12)	5 (10)	8 (16)	6 (12)	2 (4)
		Dislike moderately	9 (18)	14 (28)	12 (24)	13 (26)	17 (34)	10 (20)
		Neither dislike nor like	12 (24)	11 (22)	16 (32)	8 (16)	13 (26)	21 (42)
		Like moderately	17 (34)	12 (24)	12 (24)	16 (32)	9 (18)	16 (32)
		Like extremely	7 (14)	7 (14)	5 (10)	5 (10)	5 (10)	1 (2)
PVAH50-75	1% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	4 (8)	2 (4)	8 (16)	5 (10)	11 (22)	1 (2)
		Dislike moderately	9 (18)	15 (30)	10 (20)	11 (22)	14 (28)	11 (22)
		Neither dislike nor like	17 (34)	12 (24)	19 (38)	16 (32)	17 (34)	18 (36)
		Like moderately	17 (34)	17 (34)	9 (18)	11 (22)	3 (6)	17 (34)
		Like extremely	3 (6)	4 (8)	4 (8)	7 (14)	5 (10)	3 (6)
	3% Amaranth	Dislike extremely	10 (20)	6 (12)	5 (10)	4 (8)	2 (4)	1 (2)
		Dislike moderately	8 (16)	7 (14)	10 (20)	10 (20)	14 (28)	10 (20)
		Neither dislike nor like	7 (14)	12 (24)	17 (34)	14 (28)	14 (28)	22 (44)
		Like moderately	18 (36)	19 (38)	16 (32)	18 (36)	14 (28)	13 (26)
		Like extremely	7 (14)	6 (6)	2 (4)	4 (8)	6 (12)	4 (8)

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[1] *Corresponding author: siwelam@ukzn.ac.za