Aspartame
|
200 |
Rapid hydrolyzed in the small intestine in aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol (below than normal dietary exposures from fruits and vegetables) (O’Brien-Nabors, 2016). |
0-50a
|
75a
|
21 CFR 172.804 - Food and Drug Administration (2018)Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Additional information about high-intensity sweeteners permitted for use in food in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/additional-information-about-high-intensity-sweeteners-permitted-use-food-united-states#non-nutritive
https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-...
|
0-40b
|
World Health Organization (2010b)World Health Organization. (2010b). Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx
http://apps.who.int/food-additives-conta...
|
|
(Stanley, 2013Stanley, L. (2013). Review of data on the food additive aspartame. EFSA Supporting Publications, 10(3), 399E. http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.EN-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.E...
) |
Acesulfame K
|
200 |
Quickly absorbed as the same molecule and with a rapid excretion, mainly in the urine (O’Brien-Nabors, 2016O’Brien-Nabors, L. (2016). Alternative Sweeteners (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242...
). |
0-15a,b
|
23a
|
21 CFR 172.800 - Food and Drug Administration (2018)Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Additional information about high-intensity sweeteners permitted for use in food in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/additional-information-about-high-intensity-sweeteners-permitted-use-food-united-states#non-nutritive
https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-...
|
World Health Organization (2010b)World Health Organization. (2010b). Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx
http://apps.who.int/food-additives-conta...
|
Neotame
|
7,000 – 13,000 |
Rapidly but incompletely absorbed; completely eliminated (O’Brien-Nabors, 2016O’Brien-Nabors, L. (2016). Alternative Sweeteners (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242...
). |
0-0.3a
|
23a
|
21 CFR 172.829 - Food and Drug Administration (2018)Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Additional information about high-intensity sweeteners permitted for use in food in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/additional-information-about-high-intensity-sweeteners-permitted-use-food-united-states#non-nutritive
https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-...
|
0-0.2b,c
|
World Health Organization (2010b)World Health Organization. (2010b). Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx
http://apps.who.int/food-additives-conta...
|
European Food Safety Authority, 2019European Food Safety Authority. (2019). Sweeteners. Parma: EFSA. Retrieved from https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/sweeteners
https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/top...
, 2007European Food Safety Authority. (2007). Neotame as a sweetener and flavour enhancer - Scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food. EFSA Journal, 5(11), 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.581. http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.58...
|
Advantame
|
20,000 |
Rapid hydrolyzed in the small intestine, short plasma half-lives and completed elimination (O’Brien-Nabors, 2016O’Brien-Nabors, L. (2016). Alternative Sweeteners (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242...
). |
1,970a
|
4.92a
|
21 CFR 172.803 - Food and Drug Administration (2018)Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Additional information about high-intensity sweeteners permitted for use in food in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/additional-information-about-high-intensity-sweeteners-permitted-use-food-united-states#non-nutritive
https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-...
and Food and Drug Administration (2014)Food and Drug Administration. (2014). Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption; advantame. Retrieved from https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/05/21/2014-11584/food-additives-permitted-for-direct-addition-to-food-for-human-consumption-advantame
https://www.federalregister.gov/document...
|
(O’Brien-Nabors, 2016O’Brien-Nabors, L. (2016). Alternative Sweeteners (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242...
) |
0-5 |
0-5b
|
World Health Organization (2015)World Health Organization. (2015). Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=6181
http://apps.who.int/food-additives-conta...
|
Cyclamate
|
30 |
Incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (~37%), converted or not in cyclohexylamine (O’Brien-Nabors, 2016O’Brien-Nabors, L. (2016). Alternative Sweeteners (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242...
). |
0-11 |
|
World Health Organization (2010b)World Health Organization. (2010b). Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx
http://apps.who.int/food-additives-conta...
|
Saccharin
|
200 – 700 |
Saccharin is not metabolized by humans and is excreted in the urine and to a small extent, in the feces, unchanged (O’Brien-Nabors, 2016O’Brien-Nabors, L. (2016). Alternative Sweeteners (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242...
) |
15a
|
45a
|
21 CFR 180.37 (Food and Drug Administration, 2018Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Additional information about high-intensity sweeteners permitted for use in food in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/additional-information-about-high-intensity-sweeteners-permitted-use-food-united-states#non-nutritive
https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-...
) |
0-5 |
World Health Organization (2010b)World Health Organization. (2010b). Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx
http://apps.who.int/food-additives-conta...
|
Sucralose
|
600 |
Not metabolized and poorly absorbed (O’Brien-Nabors, 2016O’Brien-Nabors, L. (2016). Alternative Sweeteners (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242...
). |
5a
|
23a
|
21 CFR 172.831 (Food and Drug Administration, 2018Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Additional information about high-intensity sweeteners permitted for use in food in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/additional-information-about-high-intensity-sweeteners-permitted-use-food-united-states#non-nutritive
https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-...
) |
Steviol glycosides
|
200 – 400 |
Hydrolyzed to a common metabolite (aglycone steviol) by colonic and/or cecal bacteria, and a small amount could pass through the intestinal tract completely or partially intact (O’Brien-Nabors, 2016O’Brien-Nabors, L. (2016). Alternative Sweeteners (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11242...
). |
0-4b
|
9a
|
World Health Organization (2010b)World Health Organization. (2010b). Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx
http://apps.who.int/food-additives-conta...
|
GRAS Notice Inventory (Food and Drug Administration, 2019Food and Drug Administration. (2019). GRAS notice inventory. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=
https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/f...
) |