Fish oil for human health: omega-3 fatty acid profiles of marine seafood species

DURMUŞ, Mustafa

doi:10.1590/fst.21318

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Food Science and Technology

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Original article • Food Sci. Technol 39 (suppl 2) • Dec 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.21318 copy

Fish oil for human health: omega-3 fatty acid profiles of marine seafood species

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fat contents and fatty acid profiles of the edible meat of 13 different seafood species caught in the Northeastern Mediterranean coast. The fatty acid compositions of seafood species ranged from 27.68% to 36.59% saturated fatty acids, 8.99% to 35.84% monounsaturated fatty acids and 10.69% to 39.57% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Myristic acid (C14:0, 0.93-5.59%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 13.68-23.89%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1n7, 0.85-6.00%), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0, 0.67-2.23%), stearic acid (C18:0, 6.82-10.89%), vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7, 1.05-4.01%), oleic acid (C18:1n-9, 4.87-28.73%), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, 0.32-2.63%), arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, 0.22-0,82%), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, 1.72-10.73%) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, 4.07-31.44%) were the most important fatty acids in most of species. All seafood species had high levels of EPA and DHA and much higher total n-3 PUFA than n-6 PUFA content. The ratio of w6/w3 PUFAs ranged from 0.02 in European squid to 0.48 in striped piggy. Atherogenicity (IA) and Thrombogenicity Index (IT) values ranged from 0.40 to 0.87 and from 0.17 to 0.79, respectively.

Keywords:
seafoods; fatty acids; pufa; atherogenicity index; Thrombogenicity Index

Fish	N	English name	Lipit content
Penaeus semisulcatus (De Haan, 1844)	10	Green tiger prawn	1.34 ± 0.06^de
Alosa fallax (Lacepède, 1803)	10	Twaite shad	1.37 ± 0.09^de
Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758)	10	Shi drum	5.94 ± 0.34^a
Zeus faber (Linnaeus, 1758)	10	John dory	1.07 ± 0.12^ef
Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758)	10	Gilthead seabream	1.27 ± 0.19^def
Fistularia commersonii (Rüppell, 1838)	10	Bluespotted cornetfish	2.29 ± 0.23^c
Trichiurus lepturus (Linnaeus, 1758)	10	Largehead hairtail	3.12 ± 0.19^b
Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei (Blanc & Hureau, 1973)	10	Spiny gurnard	0.90 ± 0.08^f
Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798)	10	European squid	1.60 ± 0.07^d
Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758)	10	Bogue	1.12 ± 0.14^ef
Scorpaena notata (Rafinesque, 1810)	10	Small red scorpionfish	1.25 ± 0.16^def
Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758)	10	Comber	1.25 ± 0.06^def
Pomadasys stridens (Forsskål, 1775)	10	Striped piggy	3.00 ± 0.15^b

Fatty acid (%)	Green Tiger Prawn	European squid		Shi drum	John dory
C12:0	0.05 ± 0.01^b	0.02 ± 0.01^c	0.08 ± 0.00^a	0.04 ± 0.01^b	0.00 ± 0.00^d
C14:0	0.93 ± 0.06^c	2.36 ± 0.08^a	1.88 ± 0.08^b	2.21 ± 0.04^a	1.00 ± 0.01^c
C15:0	0.88 ± 0.05^b	0.70 ± 0.03^c	0.57 ± 0.03^d	1.00 ± 0.02^a	0.57 ± 0.01^d
C16:0	13.6 ± 0.74^e	23.0 ± 0.90^a	17.0 ± 0.01^d	21.0 ± 0.37^b	18.8 ± 0.23^c
C17:0	2.23 ± 0.13^a	1.32 ± 0.06^b	0.70 ± 0.01^d	1.04 ± 0.02^c	0.96 ± 0.01^c
C18:0	9.91 ± 0.52^b	6.88 ± 0.27^d	8.99 ± 0.05^c	7.45 ± 0.13^d	10.6 ± 0.12^a
C20:0	0.26 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.00^c	0.42 ± 0.03^a	0.45 ± 0.01^a	0.24 ± 0.01^b
C22:0	0.16 ± 0.01^a	0.03 ± 0.01^c	0.07 ± 0.01^b	0.04 ± 0.01^c	0.09 ± 0.01^b
C24:0	0.07 ± 0.01^b	0.08 ± 0.01^b	0.01 ± 0.00^c	0.01 ± 0.00^c	0.15 ± 0.01^a
Ʃ SFA	28.14 ± 1.53^b	34.53 ± 1.32^a	29.75 ± 0.04^b	33.29 ± 0.61^a	32.44 ± 0.40^a
C14:1	0.18 ± 0.03^b	0.13 ± 0.01^c	0.21 ± 0.02^b	0.33 ± 0.01^a	0.13 ± 0.01^c
C15:1	0.33 ± 0.04^a	0.07 ± 0.00^d	0.01 ± 0.00^e	0.25 ± 0.01^b	0.16 ± 0.01^c
C16:1	5.31 ± 0.29^a	0.85 ± 0.04^d	4.81 ± 0.06^b	5.13 ± 0.08^ab	2.20 ± 0.02^c
C17:1	0.51 ± 0.02^a	0.14 ± 0.01^d	0.18 ± 0.01^c	0.20 ± 0.01^c	0.24 ± 0.00^b
C18:1n9	8.53 ± 0.45^d	5.43 ± 0.21^e	17.9 ± 0.01^b	23.26 ± 0.41^a	11.9 ± 0.13^c
C18:1n7	3.13 ± 0.16^b	1.05 ± 0.04^d	3.03 ± 0.04^bc	3.75 ± 0.06^a	2.87 ± 0.04^c
C20:1n9	0.42 ± 0.02^d	1.34 ± 0.06^a	0.73 ± 0.01^b	1.37 ± 0.03^a	0.59 ± 0.01^c
C24:1n9	0.07 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.10^a	0.08 ± 0.00^a	0.15 ± 0.03^a	0.06 ± 0.04^a
Ʃ MUFA	18.45 ± 0.95^c	9.11 ± 0.45^d	27.03 ± 0.01^b	34.42 ± 0.64^a	18.19 ± 0.23^c
C18:2n6	1.26 ± 0.06^a	0.32 ± 0.01^d	0.92 ± 0.01^b	0.77 ± 0.01^c	0.94 ± 0.01^b
C18:3n3	0.23 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.02^d	0.06 ± 0.05^cd	0.15 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.01^bc
C20:2 cis	0.10 ± 0.01^d	0.13 ± 0.01^c	0.58 ± 0.01^a	0.01 ± 0.00^e	0.24 ± 0.03^b
C20:3 n6	0.24 ± 0.01^a	0.07 ± 0.01^c	0.22 ± 0.04^a	0.24 ± 0.02^a	0.12 ± 0.02^b
C20:4 n6	0.82 ± 0.02^a	0.22 ± 0.03^e	0.41 ± 0.02^c	0.48 ± 0.03^b	0.30 ± 0.02^d
C20:5n3	10.7 ± 0.57^a	7.31 ± 0.31^b	3.71 ± 0.04^c	2.83 ± 0.05^d	3.53 ± 0.05^cd
C22:2 cis	0.15 ± 0.01^a	0.06 ± 0.01^c	0.11 ± 0.02^ab	0.08 ± 0.01^bc	0.11 ± 0.02a^b
C22:6 n3	10.8 ± 0.54^d	31.4 ± 1.28^a	13.1 ± 0.15^c	7.43 ± 0.13^e	25.1 ± 0.25^b
Ʃ PUFA	24.34 ± 1.19^c	39.57 ± 1.64^a	19.08 ± 0.01^d	11.97 ± 0.20^e	30.48 ± 0.37^b
PUFA/SFA	0.87 ± 0.01^c	1.15 ± 0.00^a	0.64 ± 0.00^d	0.36 ± 0.00^e	0.94 ± 0.00^b
Ʃn-6	2.31 ± 0.06^a	0.61 ± 0.02^d	1.54 ± 0.01^b	1.49 ± 0.04^b	1.35 ± 0.02^c
Ʃn-3	21.7 ± 1.12^c	38.7 ± 1.60^a	16.8 ± 0.01^d	10.40 ± 0.17^e	28.80 ± 0.32^b
Ʃn-6/Ʃn-3	0.11 ± 0.00^b	0.02 ± 0.00^e	0.09 ± 0.00^c	0.14 ± 0.00^a	0.05 ± 0.00^d
DHA/EPA	1.01 ± 0.00^e	4.30 ± 0.01^b	3.54 ± 0.03^c	2.83 ± 0.05^d	7.14 ± 0.03^a
IA	0.41 ± 0.00^e	0.67 ± 0.0^a	0.54 ± 0.01^c	0.65 ± 0.00^b	0.47 ± 0.00^d
IT	0.29 ± 0.00^c	0.17 ± 0.00^e	0.37 ± 0.00^b	0.55 ± 0.00^a	0.26 ± 0.00^d
Fatty acid (%)	Spiny gurnard	Small red scorpionfish	Twaite shad	Bogue
C12:0	0.09 ± 0.01^a	0.00 ± 0.00^c	0.05 ± 0.01^b	0.02 ± 0.01^c
C14:0	1.61 ± 0.02^b	0.96 ± 0.06^d	3.04 ± 0.01^a	1.47 ± 0.06^c
C15:0	0.51 ± 0.01^b	0.48 ± 0.03^b	1.42 ± 0.09^a	0.55 ± 0.02^b
C16:0	17.0 ± 0.07^b	16.6 ± 0.67^b	20.72 ± 0.02^a	14.2 ± 0.60^c
C17:0	0.87 ± 0.01^c	0.96 ± 0.04^b	1.78 ± 0.04^a	0.82 ± 0.03^c
C18:0	9.04 ± 0.04^b	10.8 ± 0.45^a	8.99 ± 0.01^b	9.74 ± 0.43^b
C20:0	0.38 ± 0.01^b	0.37 ± 0.01^b	0.56 ± 0.01^a	0.38 ± 0.02^b
C22:0	0.11 ± 0.00^a	0.09 ± 0.01^b	0.03 ± 0.00^d	0.06 ± 0.00^c
C24:0	0.20 ± 0.01^c	0.27 ± 0.04^b	0.02 ± 0.00^d	0.38 ± 0.02^a
Ʃ SFA	29.83 ± 0.15^bc	30.64 ± 1.28^b	36.59 ± 0.16^a	27.68 ± 1.20^c
C14:1	0.22 ± 0.04^a	0.09 ± 0.02^c	0.17 ± 0.02^ab	0.09 ± 0.03^bc
C15:1	0.11 ± 0.02^a	0.14 ± 0.03^a	0.14 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.04^a
C16:1	3.91 ± 0.01^a	2.07 ± 0.08^b	1.53 ± 0.01^c	1.61 ± 0.07^c
C17:1	0.26 ± 0.01^c	0.45 ± 0.02^a	0.29 ± 0.00^b	0.17 ± 0.01^d
C18:1n9	13.6 ± 0.06^a	8.65 ± 0.33^b	4.87 ± 0.01^d	7.43 ± 0.33^c
C18:1n7	2.96 ± 0.01^a	2.31 ± 0.08^b	1.82 ± 0.09^c	2.23 ± 0.10^b
C20:1n9	0.63 ± 0.04^a	0.45 ± 0.01^b	0.42 ± 0.04^b	0.56 ± 0.03^a
C24:1n9	0.02 ± 0.00^d	0.34 ± 0.04^b	0.17 ± 0.00^c	0.40 ± 0.02^a
Ʃ MUFA	21.74 ± 0.04^a	14.48 ± 0.56^b	9.39 ± 0.09^d	12.60 ± 0.56^c
C18:2n6	1.15 ± 0.06^d	1.47 ± 0.06^c	1.83 ± 0.04^b	2.12 ± 0.09^a
C18:3n3	0.13 ± 0.03^c	0.00 ± 0.00^d	0.39 ± 0.01^a	0.22 ± 0.00^b
C20:2 cis	0.14 ± 0.04^a	0.09 ± 0.04^ab	0.05 ± 0.01^b	0.14 ± 0.01^a
C20:3 n6	0.09 ± 0.03^b	0.22 ± 0.03^a	0.19 ± 0.03^a	0.19 ± 0.01^a
C20:4 n6	0.37 ± 0.05^b	0.38 ± 0.04^b	0.58 ± 0.04^a	0.56 ± 0.06^a
C20:5n3	5.73 ± 0.02^a	3.94 ± 0.31^c	4.69 ± 0.01^b	2.65 ± 0.12^d
C22:2 cis	0.06 ± 0.00^a	0.14 ± 0.06^a	0.13 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.01^a
C22:6 n3	23.2 ± 0.11^c	24.0 ± 1.10^c	29.4 ± 0.67^b	32.1 ± 1.48^a
Ʃ PUFA	30.86 ± 0.16^b	30.31 ± 1.55^b	37.30 ± 0.66^a	38.09 ± 1.77^a
PUFA/SFA	1.03 ± 0.00^b	0.99 ± 0.01^a	1.02 ± 0.01^b	1.38 ± 0.00^a
Ʃn-6	1.60 ± 0.04^c	2.07 ± 0.12^b	2.59 ± 0.04^a	2.86 ± 0.16^a
Ʃn-3	29.06 ± 0.16^b	28.02 ± 1.41^b	34.5 ± 0.69^a	34.98 ± 1.60^a
Ʃn-6/Ʃn-3	0.06 ± 0.00^b	0.07 ± 0.00^a	0.08 ± 0.00^a	0.08 ± 0.00^a
DHA/EPA	4.05 ± 0.00^c	6.12 ± 0.20^b	6.29 ± 0.13^b	12.14 ± 0.01^a
IA	0.45 ± 0.00^c	0.46 ± 0.00^b	0.71 ± 0.01^a	0.40 ± 0.00^d
IT	0.24 ± 0.00^b	0.27 ± 0.00^a	0.27 ± 0.01^a	0.20 ± 0.00^c
Fatty acid (%)	Bluespotted cornetfish	Largehead hairtail	Comber	Striped piggy
C12:0	0.05 ± 0.00^ab	0.04 ± 0.00^b	0.08 ± 0.01^a	0.08 ± 0.02^a
C14:0	2.12 ± 0.02^c	3.19 ± 0.01^b	5.59 ± 0.11^a	2.24 ± 0.05^c
C15:0	0.76 ± 0.01^a	0.43 ± 0.04^c	0.55 ± 0.01^ab	0.61 ± 0.17^ab
C16:0	19.1 ± 0.16^c	21.5 ± 0.09^b	17.4 ± 0.25^d	23.89 ± 0.90^a
C17:0	1.26 ± 0.01^a	0.67 ± 0.06^b	0.81 ± 0.01^b	0.84 ± 0.15^b
C18:0	9.58 ± 0.08^a	6.82 ± 0.02^c	7.50 ± 0.06^b	7.14 ± 0.21^c
C20:0	0.37 ± 0.00^b	0.31 ± 0.04^c	0.48 ± 0.00^a	0.49 ± 0.03^a
C22:0	0.12 ± 0.01^ab	0.03 ± 0.00^b	0.05 ± 0.00^b	0.22 ± 0.09^a
C24:0	0.04 ± 0.02^b	0.02 ± 0.00^b	0.09 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.01^b
Ʃ SFA	33.40 ± 0.31^ab	33.00 ± 0.18^b	32.59 ± 0.44^b	35.53 ± 1.61^a
C14:1	0.15 ± 0.01^bc	0.18 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.03^c	0.30 ± 0.02^a
C15:1	0.16 ± 0.02^b	0.06 ± 0.01^c	0.22 ± 0.01^a	0.23 ± 0.04^a
C16:1	2.97 ± 0.03^d	4.07 ± 0.10^c	6.00 ± 0.08^a	4.86 ± 0.50^b
C17:1	0.24 ± 0.00^a	0.20 ± 0.07^a	0.26 ± 0.02^a	0.16 ± 0.06^a
C18:1n9	8.83 ± 0.07^d	28.7 ± 0.09^a	12.4 ± 0.11^c	23.4 ± 1.03^b
C18:1n7	2.66 ± 0.02^bc	2.26 ± 0.01^c	4.01 ± 0.04^a	3.00 ± 0.42^b
C20:1n9	0.43 ± 0.01^b	0.36 ± 0.06^b	0.35 ± 0.01^b	2.48 ± 0.11^a
C24:1n9	0.07 ± 0.04^a	0.08 ± 0.03^a	0.04 ± 0.01^a	0.13 ± 0.05^a
Ʃ MUFA	15.49 ± 0.17^d	35.92 ± 0.12^a	23.37 ± 0.21^c	34.53 ± 0.16b
C18:2n6	1.82 ± 0.01^b	0.84 ± 0.06^d	1.36 ± 0.01^c	2.63 ± 0.18^a
C18:3n3	0.37 ± 0.00^a	0.23 ± 0.05^b	0.16 ± 0.03^bc	0.09 ± 0.00^c
C20:2 cis	0.13 ± 0.01^a	0.09 ± 0.01^a	0.02 ± 0.01^b	0.12 ± 0.03^a
C20:3 n6	0.06 ± 0.01^b	0.05 ± 0.00^b	0.08 ± 0.01^b	0.37 ± 0.08^a
C20:4 n6	0.42 ± 0.01^a	0.23 ± 0.02^b	0.45 ± 0.05^a	0.42 ± 0.05^a
C20:5n3	3.69 ± 0.01^b	1.72 ± 0.04^d	5.08 ± 0.03^a	2.96 ± 0.06^c
C22:2 cis	0.15 ± 0.02^a	0.11 ± 0.00^ab	0.07 ± 0.03^b	0.06 ± 0.02^b
C22:6 n3	24.93 ± 0.22^a	16.6 ± 0.05^b	15.5 ± 0.08^c	4.07 ± 0.12^d
Ʃ PUFA	31.54 ± 0.27^a	19.90 ± 0.01^c	22.75 ± 0.07^b	10.69 ± 0.00^d
PUFA/SFA	0.94 ± 0.00^a	0.60 ± 0.00^c	0.70 ± 0.01^b	0.30 ± 0.01^d
Ʃn-6	2.29 ± 0.03^b	1.12 ± 0.04^d	1.88 ± 0.03^c	3.41 ± 0.05^a
Ʃn-3	28.98 ± 0.21^a	18.5 ± 0.06^c	20.78 ± 0.14^b	7.11 ± 0.06^d
Ʃn-6/Ʃn-3	0.08 ± 0.00^b	0.06 ± 0.00^c	0.09 ± 0.00^b	0.48 ± 0.01^a
DHA/EPA	6.76 ± 0.07^b	9.67 ± 0.27^a	3.06 ± 0.00^c	1.38 ± 0.07^d
IA	0.59 ± 0.00^c	0.62 ± 0.00^c	0.87 ± 0.01^a	0.73 ± 0.03^b
IT	0.28 ± 0.00^c	0.35 ± 0.00^b	0.36 ± 0.00^b	0.78 ± 0.03^a

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[1] * Corresponding author: mdurmus@cu.edu.tr