Crime and the Governance of Large Metropolises in Latin America: Mexico City (Mexico) and São Paulo (Brazil)

Adorno, Sergio; Alvarado, Arturo

doi:10.4322/dilemas.v15esp4.52505

Sergio Adorno

Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-1289

Arturo Alvarado

El Colegio de México, Cidade do México, D.F., México

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6922-3507

SÉRGIO ADORNO

(sergioadorno@gmail.com) é professor titular do Departamento de Sociologia da Universidade de São Paulo (USP, Brasil) e pesquisador I-A do CNPq. É coordenador científico do Núcleo de Estudos da Violência (NEV) da USP, um Centro de Pesquisa, Inovação e Difusão (Cepid) financiado pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp). Tem doutorado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia (PPGS) da USP e graduação em ciências sociais pela mesma universidade.

ARTURO ALVARADO

(alvarado@colmex.mx) é professor do El Colegio de México (Colmex, Cidade do México, México) e pesquisador do Centro de Estudios Sociológicos (CES) da mesma instituição. É membro do Sistema Nacional de Investigadores III.

Colaboradores

AS e AA trabalharam e redigiram conjuntamente a fundamentação teórica, conceitual e metodológica do artigo. AA fez a análise e redação do caso relativo à Cidade do México. AS fez a análise e redação do caso da cidade de São Paulo.

Functions	Dimensions and manifestations by city
Police and policing	Connection with military police (conflict-consensus-coalition-collusion). São Paulo.
	Imposition of rules by illicit organizations (robbery, other offences). São Paulo.
	Control over weapons. São Paulo.
	Military presence, militarization of public security. São Paulo.
Regulatory practices	Homicide (prohibition). São Paulo.
	Gang behavior. São Paulo.
	Control of territories (entry, movements). São Paulo (partial).
	Control of arms by illicit organizations. São Paulo.
	Control of other public behavior. São Paulo.
	Control of sexual behavior and other forms of violence.
	Law of silence imposed by criminal organization. São Paulo.
	Imposition of social rules (clothing, sexual relationships, etc.).
	-
Justice	Dispute resolution. São Paulo.
	“Informal justice” (executions, lynchings, persecution). Partly São Paulo.
	Debt collection. São Paulo.
	Judgments (and decisions, punishments, executions). São Paulo.
	Other judgment or dispute resolution functions.
	Tax collection.
	Other regulatory practices.
	Fulfillment of contracts-agreements. São Paulo.
Public services (provision, capture, use)	Other practices in Mexico City. São Paulo, in critical moments (2006, 2012).
Other regulatory economic practices	With national or international capital.
	Economic-commercial: regulation of trade on public roads (use of space, control of goods, employees, security guards).
	Intimidation of the formal-legal market through extortion in Mexico City.
	Loans (forced), to aid businesses, to improve housing, basic food baskets. Partly São Paulo.
	Corruption-extortion. São Paulo.
Social regulatory practices	Transgressive conduct, associations. São Paulo.
Attachment to the law	Legal cynicism (ambiguity) of politicians, citizens and criminal actors. São Paulo.
Type and size of illicit market (market power)	Large markets; monopoly of cocaine trafficking in SP; diversity in Mexico City and São Paulo.
Prisons	Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) has control over prisons, prisoners, guards, internal practices. In Mexico City there is nothing.
	Articulation with neighborhoods in São Paulo. Disarticulation and predatory practices in Mexico City
Policies	Community relations: clientelism and vote buying; electoral political clans in Mexico; voter control through informal trade organizations.
	Participation in security with collective action dilemmas; tolerance is the dominant strategy, along with criticism of police work.
	Other forms of citizen involvement: participatory budgeting in Mexico City.
	Commitment to elections (candidacies, sponsorship, voters, campaigns, pressure on the media and on electoral institutions) in Mexico.
	Other forms of political involvement.
	Capture of political positions, control of employees, control of budgets in territorial demarcations in Mexico City.
	Promotion or inhibition of political competition: in Mexico, candidacies are not controlled and participation in various organizations is promoted.
Territorial control practices Socio-spatial conditions	Urban socio-spatial and temporal regimes associated with socio-spatial segregation.
Behavior and presence-co-presence practices of other criminal organizations	Control in SP; conflicting and unstable co-presence in Mexico.
	Control-articulation (centralization, decentralization, franchising).
	Leadership. In every organization in Mexico City there is an ongoing struggle for command. In São Paulo, this problem and leadership succession are resolved by the “rules” and the so-called sintonias.
Relationship with the government elite	Interaction with heads of merchant associations, elected representatives, mayors and other members of the government of Mexico City. Weak evidence in São Paulo.
Connection with the local, national, transnational elite	In Mexico City, through party alliances and hidden sponsorship.
City government regime and citizen participation	Clientelism

Borough	n^o of organizations	Local/regional/ transnational coverage	Criminal organizations with activities in the borough
Iztapalapa	15	Transnational and local	La Unión (Tepito); Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG); Cártel de Sinaloa; Cártel del Golfo; Guerreros Unidos; Los Zetas; Juan Balta; Grupo Delictivo Iztapalapa; Cártel de Tláhuac; Molina; Los Tanzanios; El Richis; Sindicato Libertad; Güero Fresa; Los Oaxacos
Tlalpan	12	Transnational and local	La Unión (Tepito); CJNG; Cártel de Tláhuac; La Familia Michoacana; Guerreros; Maceros; Lenin; Robles; Los Papayos; Los Macedo; El H; Los Changos
Gustavo A. Madero	11	Transnational and local	La Unión (Tepito); CJNG; Cártel del Golfo; La Familia Michoacana; Guerreros Unidos; La Ronda 88; Los Rojos; Familia Cruz; Los Chilas; Los Negros; Los Rudos
Miguel Hidalgo	8	Transnational and local	Cártel de Sinaloa; Unión Tepito; Beltrán Leyva; Linares; Lenin; Banda el Balín; Banda el Robert; El Nopal
Venustiano Carranza	8	Transnational and local	La Unión (Tepito); Cártel de Sinaloa; Juan Balta; Los Tanzanios; Paco Pacas; El Pechugas; El Patinas; Los Estúpidos
Cuauhtémoc	6	Regional	La Unión (Tepito); CJNG; Cártel de Sinaloa; Los Zetas; La Ronda 88; Fabian R88; Fuerza Anti-Unión
Iztacalco	6	National and local	La Unión (Tepito); La Familia Michoacana; Juan Balta; Los Rodolfos; Los Tanzanios; Paco Pacas
Tláhuac	6	Transnational and local	CNJG; Cártel de Tláhuac; La Familia Michoacana; Molina; Los Rodolfos; Sindicato Libertad
Coyoacán	5	Transnational and local	La Unión (Tepito); CJNG; Los Guerreros; Molina; Los Rodolfos
Xochimilco	5	Transnational and local	Cártel de Tláhuac; CJNG; Los Rodolfos; Los Molina; Los Estúpidos
Álvaro Obregón	4	Transnational and local	La Unión (Tepito); CJNG; Lenin; El Esparragós
Benito Juárez	4	Transnational and local	La Unión (Tepito); CJNG; Fuerza Anti-Unión Tepito; Lenin
Magdalena Contreras	4	National and local	La Unión (Tepito); La Familia Michoacana; Lenin; Tercera Acción Destructiva (3AD)
Azcapotzalco	3	National and local	La Unión (Tepito); Fuerza Anti-Unión Tepito; Juan Balta
Cuajimalpa	3	Transnational and local	CJNG; Beltrán Leyva; Lenin
Milpa Alta	3	National and local	Cártel de Tláhuac; Molina; Los Rodolfos

[1] SÉRGIO ADORNO

(sergioadorno@gmail.com) é professor titular do Departamento de Sociologia da Universidade de São Paulo (USP, Brasil) e pesquisador I-A do CNPq. É coordenador científico do Núcleo de Estudos da Violência (NEV) da USP, um Centro de Pesquisa, Inovação e Difusão (Cepid) financiado pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp). Tem doutorado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia (PPGS) da USP e graduação em ciências sociais pela mesma universidade.

Brasil

Brasil

Crime and the Governance of Large Metropolises in Latin America: Mexico City (Mexico) and São Paulo (Brazil)

ABSTRACT