Nathan et al. 20174040 Nathan PJ, Lim YY, Abbott R, Galluzzi S, Marizzoni M, Babiloni C, et al. Association between CSF biomarkers, hippocampal volume and cognitive function in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Neurobiol Aging. 2017;53:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.01.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging...
|
Cross-sectional |
145 |
68.2±7.37 |
46.9% above 10 years of education |
42.8 |
26.6±1.9 (24 to 30) |
Age 55–90 years; subjective memory complaint verified by a family relative; at least 1 standard deviation deficit in a measure of episodic memory; an MMSE score of 24–30; a CDR scale score of 0.5 (with a score of 0.5 for the memory subscale); a clinical diagnosis of amnestic MCI, but preservation of general cognitive and functional performance to no meet clinical criteria for AD; GDS scale score <6; and Hachinski Modified Ischemic Scale score ≤4 |
|
SWM between errors |
27.7 |
8.3 |
145 |
|
|
|
Aβ42, total tau, p-tau, hippocampal volume |
Age, GDS, NPIQ, FAQ, MMSE, education, sex, APOE4 |
SWM strategy |
19.9 |
2.4 |
|
|
|
DMS % correct (all delays) |
67.9 |
16.3 |
|
|
|
RVP A’ |
0.8 |
0.1 |
|
|
|
Saunders and Summers et al. 20104141 Saunders NLJ, Summers MJ. Attention and working memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32(4):350-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390903042379 https://doi.org/10.1080/1380339090304237...
|
Cross-sectional |
131 |
Control: 69.32±5.83 S-MCI: 71.16±7.08 A-MCI: 71.18±7.02 |
Control: 13.56±3.14 S-MCI: 13.00±3.52 A-MCI:13.13±3.35 |
48.09 |
– |
Memory problems, with a history of decline from a former level; preserved cognitive functioning; intact activities of daily living; no history of significant medical, neurological, or psychiatric condition; no history of major risk factors for vascular disease; and no history of alcohol abuse, sensory impairment, or impairment of hand mobility. |
No cognitive complaints or medical history, participants with matched mean age and level of education |
SWM total errors (S-MCI) |
42.06 |
15.05 |
32 |
33.68 |
13.08 |
25 |
Age, WTAR (a-MCI), DRS II (a-MCI), BNT (a-MCI), RAVLT trial 5 recall (a-MCI), RAVLT delayed (a-MCI) |
Education, sex, WTAR (S-MCI), WAIS-II FSIQ, GDS, PAL, DRS II (S-MCI), BNT (S-MCI), RAVLT trial 5 recall (S-MCI), RAVLT delayed (S-MCI) |
SWM total errors (A-MCI) |
51.82 |
15.15 |
60 |
SSP length (S-MCI) |
5.20 |
0.69 |
32 |
5.80 |
0.76 |
SSP length (A-MCI) |
4.96 |
0.64 |
60 |
RVP A’ (S-MCI) |
0.86 |
0.05 |
32 |
0.93 |
0.04 |
RVP A’ (A-MCI) |
0.87 |
0.05 |
6 |
RVP latency (S-MCI) |
530.70 |
123.75 |
32 |
447.50 |
77.51 |
RVP latency (A-MCI) |
519.68 |
123.57 |
60 |
Egerházi, et al. 20174242 Egerházi A, Berecz R, Bartók E, Degrell I. Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(3):746-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.01.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.01....
|
Cross sectional |
40 |
55±6 |
– |
47.5 |
28±0.6 |
No neurological symptoms or other physical disorders, amnestic MCI diagnosis according to the criteria of Petersen, CDR= 0.5, mild short-term memory loss, with symptoms insufficient for the diagnosis of dementia according to the criteria of the DSM-IV, MMSE≥26, normal CT/MRI, No medication intake |
|
SWM (Z-score) |
-0.8871 |
25 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
SSP (Z-score) |
-0.755 |
– |
– |
– |
RVP (Z-score) |
-2.101 |
– |
– |
– |
Collie et al. 20023939 Collie A, Maruff P, Currie J. Behavioral characterization of mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;24(6):720-33. https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.24.6.720.8397 https://doi.org/10.1076/jcen.24.6.720.83...
|
cohort |
46 |
Control: 65.94±5.37 MCI: 67.82±7.75 |
Control: 12.37 ±3.78 MCI: 11.64±3.86 |
45.65 |
28.12±1.42 |
Age >50 years, no psychiatric and neurological diagnosis. Exclusion criteria at this stage included a history of respiratory, circulatory, or endocrine disease, personal or family history of psychiatric illness, head injury or substance abuse. MCI based on CERAD neuropsychological battery |
SWM Total errors |
33.33 |
15.81 |
23 |
25.19 |
12.24 |
23 |
CERAD (word list recall and learning) |
Age, sex, education, MMSE, depression, CERAD, APOE4, CFQ, WMS-R, state and trait anxiety test, and NART |
SWM Strategy score |
17.04 |
3.24 |
23 |
15.15 |
2.57 |
23 |
SSP task score |
4.74 |
1.05 |
23 |
5.38 |
0.90 |
23 |
Facal et al. 20144242 Egerházi A, Berecz R, Bartók E, Degrell I. Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31(3):746-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.01.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.01....
|
Cross sectional |
145 |
MDA-MCI: 70.34±9.49 SDA-MCI: 67.62±9.40 Control: 67.36±9.09 |
MDA-MCI: 9.54±3.77 SDA-MCI: 9.23±4.10 CONTROL: 10.22±5.05 |
37.93 |
MDA-MCI: 22.86±1.65 |
MMSE >20, no history of clinical stroke, traumatic brain injury, motor sensory defects, alcohol, or drug abuse/dependence, not diagnosed with any significant medical or psychiatric illnesses, GDS <10. |
|
SSP Correct items (MDA-MCI) |
21.76 |
7.09 |
44 |
25.86 |
6.80 |
58 |
MMSE, WAIS vocabulary, memory complaints, CAMCOG (language, attention) CVLT |
Age, education, occupational, complexity, vocabulary, frequency of reading, leisure and cultural activities, social participation |
SDA-MCI: 27.00±1.81 |
SSP Correct items (SDA-MCI) |
26.00 |
6.71 |
43 |
Juncos-Rabadán et al. 20144444 Juncos-Rabadán O, Facal D, Pereiro AX, Lojo-Seoane C. Visual memory profiling with CANTAB in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(10):1040-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4095 https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4095...
|
Cross sectional |
170 |
MDA-MCI: 71.06±8.36 SDA-MCI: 68.96±8.60 MDNA-MCI: 66.78±8.56 Healthy control: 68.16±8.75 |
MDA-MCI: 10.18±4.09 SDA-MCI: 9.52±4.08 MDNA-MCI: 7.96±3.77 Healthy control: 9.35±4.62 |
– |
MDA-MCI: 23.40±1.58 SDA-MCI: 27.50±1.50 MDNA-MCI: 24.53±2.35 |
No prior diagnosis of dementia, psychiatric or neurological disorders, severe illness, deafness or blindness, not receiving chemotherapy, not consumers of substances or alcohol, informant-corroborated memory complaints, performance of 1.5 SDs below age norms on the Spanish version of (CVLT), no significant or minimal impact on activities of daily living assessed by the Lawton and Brody Index, not demented according the NINCDS-ADRDA and DMS-IV criteria. Normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing and visual acuity |
Scored higher than the cutoff point in memory, general cognitive functioning, and specific cognitive tests, no history of clinical stroke, traumatic brain injury, motor-sensory defects, alcohol or drug abuse/dependence, and no diagnosis of any significant medical or psychiatric illnesses. Normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing and visual acuity |
SSP length (MDA-MCI) |
4.40 |
0.83 |
32 |
4.77 |
0.67 |
54 |
Memory complaints (informant), MMSE, CVLT Language, Attention, calculation, Praxis |
Age, education, Visual acuity |
SSP length (SDA-MCI) |
4.65 |
0.80 |
57 |
SSP length (MDNA-MCI) |
4.45 |
0.83 |
32 |
SSP total errors (MDA-MCI) |
11.93 |
3.97 |
32 |
11.68 |
3.97 |
SSP total errors (SDA-MCI) |
11.60 |
3.96 |
57 |
SSP total errors (MDNA-MCI) |
11.66 |
5.25 |
32 |
SSP time to last response (MDA-MCI) |
9063.22 |
4845.18 |
32 |
6429.49 |
1666.14 |
SSP time to last response (SDA-MCI) |
6698.75 |
2526.20 |
57 |
SSP time to last response (MDNA-MCI) |
7892.75 |
2674.63 |
32 |
Summers and Saunders et al. 20123333 Summers MJ, Saunders NLJ. Neuropsychological measures predict decline to Alzheimer's dementia from mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology. 2012;26(4):498-508. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028576 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028576...
|
cohort |
106 |
Control: 69.36±5.8 Stable MCI: 71.04±7.1 Progressed MCI: 73.80±7.9 |
Control: 13.64±3.1 MCI: 12.55±3.0 Progressed: 14.60±3.5 |
46.25 |
– |
Memory problems with a history of decline; preserved cognitive functioning; intact activities of daily living; no history of significant medical, neurological, or psychiatric condition; no history of major risk factors for vascular disease; and no history of alcohol abuse, sensory impairment, or impairment to hand mobility |
No cognitive complaints or medical history of significance, control group was matched to the mean age level of education of the MCI groups. |
SSP length (Stable MCI) |
4.84 |
0.69 |
25 |
5.84 |
-0.75 |
25 |
WTAR |
Age, education, FSIQ, DRS, sex, RAVLT, BNT |
SSP length (progressed) |
4.70 |
0.82 |
10 |
SWM total errors (stable MCI) |
50.24 |
18.46 |
25 |
32.92 |
12.95 |
SWM total errors (progressed) |
45.90 |
9.18 |
10 |
RVP A’(stable MCI) |
0.864 |
0.04 |
25 |
0.939 |
0.04 |
RVP A’ (progressed) |
0.820 |
0.05 |
10 |
Klekociuk and Summers et al. 20144545 Klekociuk SZ, Summers MJ. Exploring the validity of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes: multiple-domain amnestic MCI is the only identifiable subtype at longitudinal follow-up. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2014;36(3):290-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.890699 https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.89...
|
cohort |
118 |
60–90 |
– |
38.98 |
– |
No previous medical, neurological, or psychological conditions, no evidence of dementia, AEMSS score ≥9, preserved activities of daily living, subclinical impairment as a performance 1.28 standard deviations or greater below age-appropriate normative references. |
No previous medical, neurological, or psychological conditions, no evidence of dementia, AEMSS score ≥9, preserved activities of daily living. No evidence of subclinical impairment. |
SSP length (a-MCI) |
5.55 |
0.91 |
22 |
5.20 |
0.84 |
49 |
RAVLT, DRS-2, FSIQ, digit span, WAIS–III, LNS |
Age, education, sex, HADS Depression |
SSP length (na-MCI) |
4.72 |
0.74 |
25 |
SSP length (a-MCI+) |
4.68 |
0.72 |
22 |
SWM total errors (a-MCI) |
20.73 |
17.78 |
22 |
29.16 |
18.37 |
SWM total errors (na-MCI) |
30.52 |
17.31 |
25 |
SWM total errors (a-MCI+) |
38.18 |
17.08 |
22 |
SWM strategy (a-MCI) |
29.64 |
6.87 |
22 |
30.41 |
6.88 |
SWM strategy (na-MCI) |
33.52 |
5.85 |
25 |
SWM strategy (a-MCI+) |
33.23 |
6.02 |
22 |
RVP latency (a-MCI) |
407.08 |
90.50 |
22 |
469.34 |
9.30 |
RVP latency (na-MCI) |
542.48 |
109.6 |
25 |
RVP latency (a-MCI +) |
522.95 |
155.29 |
22 |
Cacciamani et al. 20184646 Cacciamani F, Salvadori N, Eusebi P, Lisetti V, Luchetti E, Calabresi P, et al. Evidence of practice effect in CANTAB spatial working memory test in a cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2018;25(3):237-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1286346 https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.12...
|
cohort |
25 |
MCI-AD: 68.58±6.65 MCI-ambiguous: 68.69±7.75 |
MCI-AD: 10±3.94 MCI-ambiguous: 9±4.01 |
40 |
27.04±0.31 |
Age between 55 and 80 years, presence of subjective memory complaints, presence of memory impairment as documented by scoring at least 1 SD below cutoff point on the Logical Memory II subscale (delayed recall) from the WMS; Preserved or slightly impaired functional abilities on FAQ, not responding to diagnostic criteria for dementia, MMSE≥24, CDR score of 0.5, GDS <6, Hachinski Modified Ischemic scale ≤4, at least 5 years of formal education |
|
SWM Strategy (overall MCI) |
37.44 |
0.72 |
25 |
– |
Total-tau, phospho-tau |
Age, sex, education, FAQ score, Aβ42, CDR, MMSE, FAQ, GDS, Hachinski Modified Ischemic Scale, Logical Memory II, Mental Deterioration Battery, RAVLT |
SWM strategy (MCI-AD) |
38.17 |
0.95 |
12 |
SWM strategy (MCI-ambiguous) |
36.77 |
1.06 |
13 |
SWM errors (overall MCI) |
53.96 |
4.25 |
25 |
SWM errors (MCI-AD) |
59.92 |
5.73 |
12 |
SWM errors (MCI-ambiguous) |
48.46 |
6.04 |
13 |
RVP A’ (overall MCI) |
0.81 |
0.02 |
25 |
RVP A’ (MCI-AD) |
0.81 |
0.03 |
12 |
RVP A’ (MCI-ambiguous) |
0.82 |
0.01 |
12 |
Reijs et al. 20171010 Reijs BLR, Ramakers IHGB, Köhler S, Teunissen CE, Koel-Simmelink M, Nathan PJ, et al. Memory correlates of Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid markers: a longitudinal cohort study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(3):1119-28. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160766 https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160766...
|
cohort |
263 |
68.3±9.1 |
10.4±4.5 |
56 |
25.5±3.9 |
Memory clinic referral for the evaluation of cognitive complaints, age >60 years, a MMSE-score >19, one or more cognitive impairments on neuropsychological tests according to Petersen's criteria, and no clinical diagnosis of dementia. |
Age >40, MMSE >the 10th percentile according to age- and education-adjusted local norms, no cognitive impairment on neuropsychological tests |
SWM errors |
29.6 |
8.8 |
73 |
19.2 |
10.0 |
46 |
Age, sex, education, MMSE, CDR, Aβ42, t-tau, wordlist learning and delayed recall and recognition, animal fluency |
FAQ |
Klekociuk and Summers et al. 20144747 Klekociuk SZ, Summers MJ. Lowered performance in working memory and attentional sub-processes are most prominent in multi-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment subtypes. Psychogeriatrics. 2014;14(1):63-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12042 https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12042...
|
cohort |
122 |
a-MCI: 70.61±7.99 na-MCI: 70.58±5.97 a-MCI+: 69.26±6.56 Control: 72.66±6.52 |
a-MCI: 14.43±3.16 na-MCI: 14.92±3.52 a-MCI+: 12.48±3.53 Control: 14.20±3.74 |
39.34 |
– |
Presence of cognitive complaints (e.g., memory, attention); preserved general cognition (as assessed by the DRS-2; self-reported capacity to maintain independent daily functioning (confirmed by an informant); no history of major medical, neurological, or psychiatric illness); no history of major risk factors for vascular disease and no history of sensory impairment or impairment to hand mobility. |
|
SWM total errors (a-MCI) |
20.29 |
17.77 |
23 |
29.42 |
18.52 |
50 |
WTAR (FSIQ), DRS-2, Digit Span (forward and backward) |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, LNS, Age, education, HADS, Letter-Number Sequencing total, Digit Symbol Coding |
SWM total errors (na-MCI) |
32.04 |
18.83 |
26 |
SWM total errors (a-MCI+) |
36.63 |
18.96 |
23 |
SSP length (a-MCI) |
5.52 |
0.91 |
23 |
5.19 |
0.84 |
SSP length (na-MCI) |
4.73 |
0.71 |
26 |
SSP length (a-MCI+) |
4.74 |
0.71 |
23 |
RVP latency (a-MCI) |
482.92 |
112.31 |
23 |
468.04 |
89.73 |
RVP latency (na-MCI) |
545.36 |
108.20 |
26 |
RVP latency (a-MCI+) |
519.02 |
152.07 |
23 |
RVP A’ (a-MCI) |
0.90 |
0.047 |
23 |
0.902 |
0.042 |
RVP A’ (na-MCI) |
0.87 |
0.05 |
26 |
RVP A’ (a-MCI+) |
0.85 |
0.047 |
23 |
Saunders and Summers et al. 20114848 Saunders NLJ, Summers MJ. Longitudinal deficits to attention, executive, and working memory in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology. 2011;25(2):237-48. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021134 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021134...
|
cohort |
106 |
Control: 69.19±5.75 na-MCI: 71.41±7.22 a-MCI: 70.96±6.85 |
Control: 13.50±3.09 na-MCI: 13.17±3.50 a-MCI: 13.04±3.39 |
– |
– |
Memory problems with a history of decline; preserved cognitive functioning; intact activities of daily living; no history of significant medical, neurological, or psychiatric condition; no history of major risk factors for vascular disease; no history of alcohol abuse, sensory impairment, or impairment to hand mobility |
|
SWM strategy (a-MCI) |
37.61 |
23.56 |
52 |
35.42 |
15.29 |
26 |
RAVLT trial 5, DRS-2 AEMSS, RAVLT, GDS, BNT |
Age, education, WTAR, FSIQ |
SWM strategy (na-MCI) |
38.23 |
10.71 |
29 |
SWM errors (a-MCI) |
50.50 |
14.56 |
52 |
33.39 |
12.84 |
SWM total errors (na-MCI) |
43.59 |
14.75 |
29 |
SSP length (a-MCI) |
4.90 |
0.57 |
52 |
5.82 |
0.76 |
SSP length (na-MCI) |
5.22 |
0.69 |
29 |
RVP latency (a-MCI) |
513.33 |
126.19 |
52 |
445 |
76.48 |
RVP mean latency (na-MCI) |
529.58 |
125.63 |
29 |
RVP A’(a-MCI) |
0.87 |
0.07 |
52 |
0.93 |
0.05 |
RVP A’(na-MCI) |
0.85 |
0.05 |
29 |
Stonsaovapak et al. 20204949 Stonsaovapak C, Hemrungroj S, Terachinda P, Piravej K. Effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation at the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(8):1279-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2020.03.023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2020.03.0...
|
cohort |
45 |
MCI: 68.39±8.37 Control: 68.39±8.37 |
– |
8.88 |
– |
MCI diagnosis based on the criteria of the MCI Working Group of the European Consortium on Alzheimer's disease, age between 45 and 90 years, with a TMSE score of >23, (MoCA)-Thai score of <25 |
|
SWM between errors |
53.48 |
13.10 |
23 |
51.45 |
14.81 |
22 |
|
age, sex, educational, TMSE score, MoCA |
SWM total errors |
55.39 |
13.31 |
52.64 |
15.51 |
RVP mean latency |
2.77 |
0.12 |
2.72 |
0.11 |
RVP total hits |
10.61 |
5.23 |
13.68 |
4.57 |
Gender, education, CCI |
Campos-Magdaleno et al. 20215050 Campos-Magdaleno M, Leiva D, Pereiro AX, Lojo-Seoane C, Mallo SC, Facal D, et al. Changes in visual memory in mild cognitive impairment: a longitudinal study with CANTAB. Psychol Med. 2021;51(14):2465-75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001142 https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000114...
|
cohort |
208 |
Control: 64.26±8.83 MCI-stable: 70.94±7.54 MCI-worsened: 75.44±7.14 |
Control: 10.28±4.71 MCI-stable: 9.15±3.40 MCI-worsened: 9.30±4.79 |
35.13 |
Control: 28.34±1.34 MCI-stable: 25.13±2.89 MCI-worsened: 24.04±2.53 |
No previous diagnosis of MCI or dementia, clinical stroke, traumatic brain injury, motor-sensory defects, alcohol or drug abuse/dependence, or any neurological or psychiatric disease. Self-reported, informant corroborated concerns about cognition, 1.5 SDs below age and education norms in one or more cognitive domains in CAMCOG-R except for memory, assessed by CVLT, no significant or minimal impact on activities of daily living |
No previous diagnosis of neurologic disorders, normal adults in general functioning and specific domain tests, attending primary care health centers with self-reported cognitive concerns; confirmation of these concerns by the short Spanish version of the questionnaire for subjective memory complaints |
SSP (MCI-stable) |
4.5 |
2.82 |
32 |
5.00 |
3.84 |
149 |
age, Lawton-Brody, SCC, Praxis CAMCOG-R, MMSE, CVLT |
SSP (MCI-worsened) |
3.9 |
3.27 |
27 |