Bao et al.2525 Bao X, Xu J, Meng Q, Gan J, Wang X-D, Wu H, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown on Anxiety, Depression and Nursing Burden of Caregivers in Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Mild Cognitive Impairment in China: A 1-Year Follow-Up Study. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:921535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.921535 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.92153...
(2022) |
Descriptive Longitudinal |
177 individuals(61.3 years) |
To investigate the effects of the pandemic on anxiety, depression and care burden in caregivers of nursing patients with AD, DLB, and MCI, over a one-year period. |
PSQI |
ZBI GAD-7 PHQ-9 |
Sleep disturbances after lockdown in Covid-19 pandemic worsened caregiver burden and psychological status. |
5 |
Blinka et al.2626 Blinka MD, Spira AP, Sheehan OC, Cidav T, Rhodes JD, Howard VJ, et al. Sleep Quality Reports From Family Caregivers and Matched Non-caregiving Controls in a Population-Based Study. J Appl Gerontol. 2022;41(6):1568-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/07334648221079110 https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464822107911...
(2022) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
498 individuals (69.2 years) |
To evaluate differences in self-reported sleep quality between caregivers and a control group |
Self-report |
CES-D |
Caregivers show long sleep onset latency. |
5 |
Brewster et al.77 Brewster GS, Molinari V, McCrae C, Beckstead J, D’Aoust R, Rowe M. Cognitive Function and Sleep in Caregivers of Persons Living with Dementia. Western J Nurs Res. 2022;44(3):260-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/01939459211041163 https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945921104116...
(2022) |
Descriptive cross-sectional |
28 individuals (65.1 years) |
To evaluate sleep quality in caregivers of PLwD and correlate it with cognitive function. |
Sleep Diary |
– |
Caregivers of PLwD showed high amounts of wake after sleep onset and lower sleep efficiency |
5 |
Bussè et al.2727 Bussè C, Barnini T, Zucca M, Rainero I, Mozzetta S, Zangrossi A, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Sleep Alterations in Caregivers of Persons With Dementia After 1-Year of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:826371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.826371 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.82637...
(2022) |
Descriptive Longitudinal |
151 individuals (62 years) |
To assess the severity of long-term stress-related symptoms in caregivers of PLwD one year after the COVID-19 pandemic |
PSQI |
DASS-21 COPE-NVI |
96% of caregivers presented sleep alterations between the four frequently stress-related symptoms |
5 |
Kim and Cha 44 Kim J, Cha E. Effect of Perceived Stress on Health-Related Quality of Life among Primary Caregiving Spouses of Patients with Severe Dementia: The Mediating Role of Depression and Sleep Quality. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(13):7962. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137962 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137962...
(2022) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
399 individuals (<65 - >85 years) |
To identify the mediating effects of sleep quality on the relationship between perceived stress and HRQoL among primary caregiving spouses of patients with severe dementia |
PSQI |
PSS EQ-5DPHQ-9 |
Caregiving spouses of patients with severe dementiapresented low sleep quality |
6 |
Liu et al. 1313 Liu Y, Fauth EB, Fleming DJM, Lorenz R. Daily Sleep and Anxious and Depressive Symptoms Among Dementia Caregivers-The Mediation of Cortisol Total Output on High- and Low-Stress Days. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Social Sci. 2022;77(8):1406-15. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac074 https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac074...
(2022) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
1,073 individuals (61.9 years) |
To examine sleep, negative effects, and stress biomarkers from the perspective of stressor exposure and reactivity. |
Self-reported Sleep Diary |
Non-Specific Psychological Distress Scale Daily Stress and Health |
When caregivers have more time in bed, they present lower cortisol levels and anxiety symptoms |
5 |
Lu et al.22 Lu X, Ye R, Wu J, Rao D, Liao X. Comparing Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia and Caregiver Distress Caused Between Older Adults With Dementia Living in the Community and Nursing Homes. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13;881215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.881215 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.88121...
(2022) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
269 individuals (≥60 years) |
To evaluate caregiver distress between older adults with dementia living in the community and in nursing homes |
Sleep domain of NPI |
NPI |
Sleep disorders are responsible for the most frequent “very severe” caregiver distress |
6 |
Osakwe et al.1919 Osakwe ZT, Senteio C, Bubu OM, Obioha C, Turner AD, Thawani S, et al. Sleep Disturbance and Strain Among Caregivers of Persons Living With Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;13:734382. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.734382 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.73438...
(2022) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
1,142 individuals (58.5 years) |
To examine predictors of sleep disturbance and strain among caregivers of PLwD. |
Self-report |
Reported measures |
Caregivers with greater sleep difficulty were more likely to report high blood pressure. |
6 |
Pinyopornpanish et al.1616 Pinyopornpanish K, Soontornpun A, Wongpakaran T, Tanprawate S, Pinyopornpanish K, Nadsasarn A, et al. Impact of behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease on caregiver outcomes. Sci Rep. 2022;12:14138. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18470-8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18470...
(2022) |
Descriptive cross-sectional |
102 individuals (55 years) |
To explore the association between BPSD and caregiver stress, burden, and depression. |
Sleep domain of NPI |
PHQ-9 ZBI-22 PSS NPI |
Caregivers presented sleep disorders and night-time behaviors that impacted caregiver burden and lead to depressive symptoms. |
6 |
Sanprakhon et al.66 Sanprakhon, P., Chaimongkol, N. & Hengudomsub, P. Relationships between caregiving stress and sleep quality among family caregivers of older adults with dementia in Thailand. Belitung Nurs J. 2022;8(3):229-34. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2106 https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2106...
(2022) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
72 individuals (>18 years) |
To examine the relationships between caregiving stress and sleep quality among family caregivers of older adults with dementia. |
PSQI |
RSS |
Caregiving stress is positively correlated with poor sleep quality |
5 |
Vara-Garcia et al.55 Vara-Garcia C, Mausbach BT, Romero-Moreno R, Losada-Baltar A, Jeste DV, Grant I. Longitudinal Correlates of Depressive Symptoms and Positive and Negative Affects in Family Caregivers of People With Dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2022;30(2):148-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.06.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.06.0...
(2022) |
Descriptive Longitudinal |
111 individuals (74.5 years) |
To analyze the possible longitudinal effects of various cognitive and behavioral variables on caregivers’ depressive symptoms. |
PSQI |
WCQ CSES PMS PES-AD PANAS CESD-10 |
Caregivers with impacts on sleep quality presented higher levels of depressive symptoms |
6 |
Xu et al.1515 Xu XY, Kwan RYC, Miao J, Chai A, Leung AYM. Telephone-Based Behavioral Activation for Improving Sleep Quality in Family Caregivers of People With Dementia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Behav Ther. 2022;53(5):887-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.02.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2022.02.0...
(2022) |
Clinical Trial randomized |
71 individuals (54 years) |
To test an evidence-based behavioral activation protocol to improve sleep quality in caregivers of PLwD. |
PSQI |
CES-D |
Caregivers had improvement in sleep quality, more perception of positive aspects of caregiving and reduction of depressive symptoms. |
5 |
Hoyt et al.1818 Hoyt MA, Mazza MC, Ahmad Z, Darabos K, Applebaum AJ. Sleep Quality in Young Adult Informal Caregivers: Understanding Psychological and Biological Processes. Int J Beh Med. 2021;28(1):6-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09842-y https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09842...
(2021) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
35 individuals (21.1 years) |
To examine subjective and objective indicators of sleep quality and diurnal cortisol rhythms among young adult caregivers relative to non-caregiving peers. |
PSQI |
LCI HADS |
Caregivers exhibit more sleep disturbance, greater sleep latency, and more sleep fragmentation. |
5 |
Jiménez-Gonzalo et al.1717 Jiménez-Gonzalo L, Romero-Moreno R, Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Gallego-Alberto L, Barrera-Caballero S, Olazarán J, et al. Psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index in a sample of family dementia caregivers. Sleep Med. 2021;82:65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03.036 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.03....
(2021) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
271 individuals (62.9 years) |
To analyze the psychometric properties of the ISI in a Spanish dementia caregiver sample. |
ISI |
POMS CES-D |
ISI was significantly associated with lower sleep quality, less average sleep time per day, and lower self-perception of vitality, as well as with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms. |
5 |
Jiménez-Gonzalo et al.2222 Jiménez-Gonzalo L, Romero-Moreno R, Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Fernandes-Pires JA, Barrera-Caballero S, Olazarán J et al. The Role of Caregivers’ Sleep Problems in the Association between Behavioral Symptoms of Dementia and Caregiving Depression and Anxiety. Behav Sleep Med. 2021;19(5):640-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2020.1835662 https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2020.18...
(2021) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
264 individuals (62.7 years) |
To explore the association between caregiver sleep problems and behavioral problems in care recipients. |
ISI |
– |
Disrupted behaviors in care recipients are associated with poorer sleep of caregivers. |
5 |
Martínez-Santos et al.2828 Martínez-Santos AE, Vicho de la Fuente N, Facal D, Vilanova-Trillo L, Gandoy-Crego M, Rodríguez-González R. Care tasks and impact of caring in primary family caregivers: A cross-sectional study from a nursing perspective. Appl Nurs Res. 2021;62:151505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151505 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2021.1515...
(2021) |
Multi-centric cross-sectional prospective |
423 individuals (59.9 years) |
Describe the care provided by family caregivers of people with dementia and the impact on their health |
Non-Specified |
ICUB97-R questionnaire |
Most complaints by caregivers are about sleep time or resting less. |
7 |
Rigby et al.2929 Rigby T, Johnson DK, Taylor A, Galvin JE. Comparison of the Caregiving Experience of Grief, Burden, and Quality of Life in Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Parkinson’s Disease Dementia. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2021;80(1):421-32. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201326 https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201326...
(2021) |
Descriptive cross-sectional |
515 individuals (61.4 years) |
To examine the differences in the caregiver experience between DLB, PDD, and AD |
Non-Specified |
RMBPC CGI ZBI QoL PCI PWB PHQ-2 |
Caregiver experience of burden depends on the sleep characteristics presented. |
6 |
Sato et al.3030 Sato H, Nakaaki S, Sato J, Shikimoto R, Furukawa TA, Mimura M, et al. Caregiver self-efficacy and associated factors among caregivers of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Psychogeriatr. 2021;21(5):783-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12740 https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12740...
(2021) |
Descriptive cross-sectional |
126 individuals (64.1 years) |
To compare self-efficacy in DLB Caregivers and AD Caregivers |
ISI |
ZBI BDI-II RSCSE |
DLB caregivers present more sleep problems than AD caregivers |
6 |
Song and Kim 3131 Song MJ, Kim JH. Family Caregivers of People with Dementia Have Poor Sleep Quality: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413079 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413079...
(2021) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
11,591,278 individuals (55.3 years) |
To compare sleep quality between cohabitating caregivers, noncohabitating caregivers, and noncaregivers of PLwD. |
PSQI |
– |
Cohabitating caregivers showed poorer sleep quality when compared to noncohabitating caregivers. Noncohabitating caregivers have poorer sleep quality when compared to noncaregivers. |
6 |
Corey et al.3232 Corey KL, McCurry MK, Sethares KA, Bourbonniere M, Hirschman KB, Meghani SH. Predictors of psychological distress and sleep quality in former family caregivers of people with dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2020;24(2):233-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1531375 https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.15...
(2020) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
171 individuals (>18 years) |
To explore the independent associations of sociodemographic variables, personality and coping, environmental variables, and caregiver guilt with the sleep quality of former family caregivers of PLwD following care recipient’s death. |
PSQI |
BFI BRIEF-COPE CES-D DASS |
Personality traits, pre-loss depression, and copping strategies are directly associated with sleep quality. |
6 |
Liang, Aranda and Lloyd 99 Liang J, Aranda MP, Lloyd DA. Association between Role Overload and Sleep Disturbance among Dementia Caregivers: The Impact of Social Support and Social Engagement. J Aging Health. 2020;32(10):1345-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264320926062 https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264320926062...
(2020) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
669 individuals (60.3 years) |
To explore the association between sleep maintenance insomnia and role overload. |
SMI |
SPM |
Caregivers presents high rates of sleep disturbance. |
6 |
Ryuno et al.1212 Ryuno H, Greiner C, Yamaguchi Y, Fujimoto H, Hirota M, Uemura H, et al. Association between sleep, care burden, and related factors among family caregivers at home. Psychogeriatrics. 2020;20(4):385-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12513 https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12513...
(2020) |
Descriptive Longitudinal |
23 objects (66.9 years) |
To identify the association between care burden and objective/subjective sleep quality |
PSQI |
ZBI |
Care burden is significantly associated with total sleep time and PSQI score. |
7 |
Simón et al.3333 Simón MA, Bueno AM, Otero P, Blanco V, Vázquez FL. Caregiver Burden and Sleep Quality in Dependent People’s Family Caregivers. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7):1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071072 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071072...
(2019) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
293 individuals (56.2 years) |
To examine the relationship between caregiver burden and sleep quality. |
PSQI |
CBI |
Caregiver burden is significantly associated with sleep quality. |
6 |
Eleuteri et al.2121 Eleuteri S, Norton MC, Livi F, Grano C, Falaschi P, Violani C, et al. Sleep quality as predictor of BMI in non-depressed caregivers of people with dementia. Eat Weight Disord. 2018;23(5):553-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0560-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0560-...
(2018) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
117 individuals (54.3 years) |
To examine the association between sleep quality and BMI in a population of caregivers of PLwD. |
PSQI |
Eating Behavior Questionnaire |
Caregivers with low depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality have higher BMI scores. Women presents higher BMI scores when compared with males. |
6 |
Legget et al.1111 Leggett A, Polenick CA, Maust DT, Kales HC. (2018). “What Hath Night to Do with Sleep?”: The Caregiving Context and Dementia Caregivers’ Nighttime Awakenings. Clin Geront. 2018;41(2):158-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2017.1352057 https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2017.13...
(2018) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
451 individuals (59.1 years) |
To examine caregiver health and psychological wellbeing as predictors of nighttime awakenings. |
5-point scale item |
– |
16% of caregivers reported nighttime awakening every night. Emotional caregiving difficulties predict nighttime awakenings. |
4 |
Liu et al.3434 Liu S, Liu J, Wang XD, Shi Z, Zhou Y, Li J, et al. Caregiver burden, sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in dementia caregivers: a comparison of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018;30(8):1131-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217002630 https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021700263...
(2018) |
Descriptive Cross-sectional |
492 individuals (58.2 years) |
To compare caregiver burden and sleep quality of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration, DLB and AD. |
PSQI |
ZBI PHQ-9 GAD-7 |
Caregivers of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and DLB experience more burden and sleep impairments. |
6 |
Polenick et al.1414 Polenick C, Leggett A, Maust D, Kales H. Medical Care Tasks among Spousal Dementia Caregivers: Links to Care-Related Sleep Disturbances. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;26(5):589-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.01.206 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.01.2...
(2018) |
Retrospective Analysis Cross-sectional |
104 individuals (75.5 years) |
To evaluate the association between caregivers’ medical/nursing tasks. |
Self-report |
– |
Caregivers who performed a higher number of medical/nursing tasks reported significantly more frequent care-related sleep disturbances |
4 |