| Lanna et al. 2012104104 Lanna ME de O, Alves CEO, Sudo FK, Alves G, Valente L, Moreira DM, et al. Cognitive disconnective syndrome by single strategic strokes in vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2012;322(1-2):176-83. (n=6) |
Patients (n=6) 61.3/2:4 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI/SPECT examination. |
1.5T MRI; SPECT with IV line 740MBq of (99 m) Tc. |
Moderate to severe dementia associated with strategic strokes as a result of neuronal disruption in multimodal areas. |
| Holst et al. 2012105105 van der Holst HM, Tuladhar AM, van Norden AGW, de Laat KF, van Uden IWM, van Oudheusden LJB, et al. Microstructural integrity of the cingulum is related to verbal memory performance in elderly with cerebral small vessel disease. NeuroImage. 2013;65:416-23. (n=440) |
SVD no dementia (n=440) 65.2/239:201 |
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Clinical/ neuropsychological and brain MRI/DTI examination. |
1.5T MRI; DTI processing. |
Microstructural integrity of the cingulum is specifically related to episodic memory function, notably verbal memory, in non-demented elderly with SVD. Cingulum integrity is significantly lower in participants with greater hippocampal alteration than those with hippocampal integrity. |
| Hilal et al. 2016106106 Rolland Y, Payoux P, Lauwers-Cances V, Voisin T, Esquerré JP, Vellas B. A SPECT study of wandering behavior in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(9):816-20. (n=424) |
NCI (n=96) 68.4/44:52 |
CIND (n=177) 71.5/91:86 CIND (n=107) VCIND (n=70) |
Dementia (n=151) 76.1/57:94 Alzheimer (n=121) VaD (n=30) |
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Clinical/neuropsychological MRI/MRA examination. |
3.0T MRI; 3D TOF MRA. |
ICS was shown to be independently associated with VCIND, whereas in dementia, this association was mediated by cerebral ischemic damage, independently of cardiovascular risk factors. This further suggests that ICS is a marker of cerebral or generalized atherosclerosis and may be a viable treatment target. |
| Lawrence et al. 20136262 Lawrence AJ, Patel B, Morris RG, MacKinnon AD, Rich PM, Barrick TR, et al. Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Multimodal MRI Results from the St George’s Cognition and Neuroimaging in Stroke (SCANS) Study. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61014. (n=165) |
SVD (n=115) 70.0/78:37 |
Control (n=50) 70.3/35:22 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI/DTI examination. |
1.5T MRI; DTI processing. |
Patients with symptomatic SVD and radiological leukoaraiosis exhibited greater impaired performance in executive function, processing speed and working memory than in episodic memory. Executive memory and processing speed were associated with lacunar infarct load, reduced brain volume, and microstructural WM alterations (DTI) |
| Liu et al. 20146565 Liu C, Li C, Gui L, Zhao L, Evans AC, Xie B, et al. The pattern of brain gray matter impairments in patients with subcortical vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2014;341(1-2):110-8. (n=69) |
SIVD (n=34) 69.0/21:13 |
Control (n=35) 68.0/22:13 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI examination. |
3T MRI 1.0 mm. |
Cortical thinning of the hippocampus and volume reduction of the caudate nucleus was associated with poorer global cognitive performance in SIVD patients. Cortical thinning and cognitive decline were not related to severity of WML. The automated measures of deep gray matter also revealed significant volume reductions in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. |
| Cavallari et al. 2014107107 Cavallari M, Moscufo N, Meier D, Skudlarski P, Pearlson GD, White WB, et al. Thalamic Fractional Anisotropy Predicts Accrual of Cerebral White Matter Damage in Older Subjects with Small-Vessel Disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(8):1321-7. (n=56) |
Subjects (n=56) 82/24:32 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI/DTI examination. |
3T MRI; DTI processing. |
The observed association between DTI changes in the thalamus at baseline and the rate of WMH accrual singles out thalamic FA as a promising candidate surrogate marker of cerebral SVD progression, and points to a possible causal role of thalamic damage in the accrual of WMHs. |
| Guerra et al. 2014108108 Guerra A, Petrichella S, Vollero L, Ponzo D, Pasqualetti P, Määttä S, et al. Neurophysiological features of motor cortex excitability and plasticity in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Dementia: A TMS mapping study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(5):906-13. (n=25) |
SIVD (n=7) 78.1/02:05 |
Control (n=9) 75.0/03:06 |
AD (n=9) 74.3/00:09 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological TMS mapping. |
TMS mapping. |
SIVD patients showed higher degree of WMH and lesser extent of medial temporal atrophy than AD patients |
| Jeong et al. 2014109109 Jeong H-G, Kim BJ, Yang MH, Han M-K, Bae H-J. Neuroimaging Markers for Early Neurologic Deterioration in Single Small Subcortical Infarction. Stroke. 2015;46(3):687-91. (n=587) |
END (n=79) 64.4/44:35 |
No END (n=508) 65.5/303:205 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI examination. |
1.5T or 3T MRI. |
SSSIs who exhibited relevant artery stenosis and branch atheromatous lesions were more likely to develop END but the association was not documented in the SSSI patients with WMH, old lacunar infarctions, or CMBs. |
| Garriga et al. 2015110110 Garriga M, Milà M, Mir M, Al-Baradie R, Huertas S, Castejon C, et al. 123I-FP-CIT SPECT imaging in early diagnosis of dementia in patients with and without a vascular component. Front Syst Neurosci. 2015;9:99. (n=105) |
MCI (n=50) 72.0/26:24 |
VaD (n=6) 73.0/03:03 |
AD (n=31) 76.0/12:19 |
LBD (n=6) 73.0/03:03 |
PDD (n=12) 77.0/10:02 |
Clinical/neuropsychological MRI or CT and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT examination. |
1.5T MRI; CT and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT. |
123I-FP-CIT SPECT is a useful tool to discriminate MCI from overall dementia subtypes. However, 123I-FP-CIT SPECT could not discriminate among different dementia types. |
| Lin et al. 2015111111 Lin L, Xue Y, Duan Q, Sun B, Lin H, Chen X, et al. Microstructural White Matter Abnormalities and Cognitive Dysfunction in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Disease: an Atlas-Based Diffusion Tensor Analysis Study. J Mol Neurosci. 2015;56(2):363-70. (n=50) |
VCIND (n=22) 72.8/14:08 |
Control (n=28) 70.9/16:12 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain DTI examination. |
3.0T MR DTI processing. |
SIVD patients displayed abnormal WM connectivity in all supratentorial regions, involving projection, association, and commissural fibers; the severity of damage in WM tracts was correlated with cognitive dysfunction in SIVD patients. |
| Ostojic et al. 2015112112 Ostojic J, Kozic D, Pavlovic A, Semnic M, Todorovic A, Petrovic K, et al. Hippocampal diffusion tensor imaging microstructural changes in vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Belg. 2015;115(4):557-62. (n=50) |
VD (n=25) 69.5/16:09 |
Control (n=25) 71.6/15:10 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI/DTI examination. |
3T MRI; DTI processing. |
No significant group differences for FA were found in the left and right hippocampus; no significant differences between hemispheres in either HC and VD group were reported. |
| Wu et al. 2015113113 Wu X-P, Gao Y-J, Yang J-L, Xu M, Sun D-H. Quantitative measurement to evaluate morphological changes of the corpus callosum in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. Acta Radiol. 2015;56(2):214-8. (n=60) |
SIVD (n=30) 65.3/17:13 |
Control (n=30) 63.9/16:14 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI/DTI examination. |
1.5T MRI; DTI processing. |
SIVD patients had significantly reduced corpus callosum size compared with healthy controls. Patients with SIVD showed significantly lower FA values in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum as compared with healthy controls. |
| Baykara et al. 20168989 Baykara E, Gesierich B, Adam R, Tuladhar AM, Biesbroek JM, Koek HL, et al. A Novel Imaging Marker for Small Vessel Disease Based on Skeletonization of White Matter Tracts and Diffusion Histograms: Novel SVD Imaging Marker. Ann Neurol. 2016;80(4):581-92. (n=710) |
CADASIL exploratory (n=113) 49.1/43:61 |
CADASIL validation (n=57) 53.4/38:19 |
Sporadic SVD (n=444) 65.3/243:201 |
Memory clinic patients with SVD (n=105) 74.9/54:51 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI/DTI/PSMD examination. |
MRI; DTI with PSMD processing. |
The study established a novel-imaging marker (PSMD) for SVD. PSMD combined the analysis of DTI-WM tract skeletonization and MD histogram; PSMD was associated with SVD pathology but not with neurodegenerative pathology. An important association between PSMD and processing speed deficits across all study samples was reported. |
| Veluw et al. 20165959 van Veluw SJ, Zwanenburg JJ, Rozemuller AJ, Luijten PR, Spliet WG, Biessels GJ. The Spectrum of MR Detectable Cortical Microinfarcts: A Classification Study with 7-Tesla Postmortem MRI and Histopathology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35(4):676-83. (n=5) |
Cases with CAA (n=5) 85.0/03:02 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain histopathological and in vivo and ex vivo MRI examination. |
Ex vivo 7.0T MRI. |
CMBs and microinfarcts appeared to be the most frequent marker of focal bleeding and focal ischaemic injury in SVD (particularly CAA), and therefore are important candidate biomarkers for clinical trials. |
| Thong et al. 20148787 Jin Thong JY, Du J, Ratnarajah N, Dong Y, Soon HW, Saini M, et al. Abnormalities of cortical thickness, subcortical shapes, and white matter integrity in subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: Morphological Abnormalities in Vascular Cognitive Impairmentc. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35(5):2320-32. (n=100) |
Control (n=25) 68.00/11:14 |
Mild VCIND (n=25) 66.20/19:06 |
MSVCI (n=30) 69.87/14:16 |
AD (n=20) 74.25/06:14 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI/HARDI examination. |
3T MRI 1 mm and HARDI 3 mm. |
Compared to the Mild VCIND group, MSVCI subjects showed thinner cortex in the left superior frontal gyrus, cingulate, temporal pole, and middle temporal gyrus; in contrast, no statistical differences between groups in cortical thickness in the right hemisphere were reported. |
| Mascalchi et al. 2016114114 Mascalchi M, Pantoni L, Giannelli M, Valenti R, Bianchi A, Pracucci G, et al. Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Map Brain Microstructural Changes in CADASIL: Brain Microstructural Changes in CADASIL. J Neuroimaging. 2017;27(1):85-91. (n=36) |
CADASIL (n=18) 42.9/07:11 |
Control (n=18) 41.2/10:8 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI/DTI examination. |
3T MRI ; 1mm ; DTI processing; TBSS. |
CADASIL patients showed extensive almost symmetric areas of significantly increased radial and mean diffusivities and of significantly decreased axial diffusivity and FA that involved the cerebral WM, the thalami, and the corpus callosum. |
| Pasi et al. 2017115115 Pasi M, Boulouis G, Fotiadis P, Auriel E, Charidimou A, Haley K, et al. Distribution of lacunes in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and hypertensive small vessel disease. Neurology. 2017;88(23):2162-8. (n=36) |
CAA-ICH (n=191) 74.9/95:96 |
HTN-ICH (n=125) 66.1/73:52 |
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Clinical/neuropsychological and brain MRI examination. |
1.5T MRI. |
The topographic distribution of lacunes (lobar vs deep) helped distinguish the underlying SVD subtype (CAA vs HTN-SVD) in patients with primary ICH, regardless of age status, diagnosis of hypertension or other MRI markers of SVD severity. Lobar lacunes seemed to have a closer relationship with WMH, suggesting a possible common origin. |
