| Rodrigues et al. (2006)33
|
Orthodontic treatment planning and tooth movement |
3D interactive simulation that allows users to manage with orthodontic problems and suggest possible treatments |
To demonstrate the development of the prototype of 3D simulation for orthodontic treatment |
Technical report without a data collection process and evidence of educational outcomes |
| Rodrigues et al. (2007)24
|
Orthodontic treatment planning and tooth movement |
3D interactive simulation that allows users to gain experiences in treatment planning and tooth movement in simulated orthodontic patients, together with a treatment outcome prediction. |
To demonstrate the development and validation process of the intervention |
Technical report without a data collection process and evidence of educational outcomes |
| Rodrigues et al. (2008)34
|
Orthodontic treatment planning and tooth movement |
3D interactive simulation that allows users to gain experiences in treatment planning and tooth movement in virtual patients |
To present the implementation of discrete and continuous collision detection algorithms in the development of the intervention |
Technical report without a data collection process and evidence of educational outcomes |
| Sinthanayothin and Tharanont (2008)35
|
Orthodontic treatment planning |
3D computer-based simulation that allows users to gain experience of treatment plan in orthodontic practice |
To demonstrate the development of 3D orthodontic treatment simulation |
Technical report without a data collection process and evidence of educational outcomes |
| Yaqi and Zhongke (2010)36
|
Orthodontic treatment planning |
3D computer-based simulation that allows users to gain experience of treatment plan in orthodontic practice |
To demonstrate the development of 3D orthodontic treatment simulation |
Technical report without a data collection process and evidence of educational outcomes |
| Kumar (2012)39
|
Orthodontic treatment planning |
3D computer-based simulation that can support students to simulate and observe different treatment outcomes from different treatment plans |
To demonstrate the development automation process of the simulation |
No report of a data collection process and research outcomes in terms of educational and training purposes |
| Naser-ud-Din (2014)25
|
Clinical cases and procedures in orthodontic practice |
Scenario-based learning interactive software that allows users to experience four orthodontic clinical cases and five orthodontic procedures, together with questions with immediate feedback provided |
To evaluate the intervention using a questionnaire survey |
The survey using an open-ended paper-based questionnaire demonstrated high acceptance level for the intervention, which could provide confidence in the application of clinical skills |
| Rao et al. (2017)37
|
Orthodontic bracket positioning |
Augmented reality with haptic technology that allows users to gain cognitive and psychomotor skills, as well as confidence in bracket positioning of orthodontic practice |
To propose the intervention, as well as its expected benefits |
Technical report without a data collection process and evidence of educational outcomes |
| Rao et al. (2018)38
|
Cephalometric tracing in orthodontics |
Augmented reality that allows users to learn various skeletal and soft tissue landmark points |
To propose the intervention, as well as its expected benefits |
Technical report without a data collection process and evidence of educational outcomes |
| Rao et al. (2019)26
|
Facial landmark points |
Automation of facial landmark identification that allows students to perform multiple measurements of orthodontic landmark points on 2-D patient images as a part of orthodontic training |
To evaluate the accuracy of algorithm in identifying facial landmarks on 2-D facial images |
The study reported the benefit of the intervention as a valuable training tool in supporting learners to perform orthodontic facial analysis, by comparing it with a direct physical measurement with a caliper |
| Sakowitz et al. (2020)27
|
Diagnosis and treatment planning of orthognathic surgery |
Virtual reality with Oculus VR headset that allows users to interact with a virtual patient using keyboard and mouse |
To compare effectiveness of the virtual reality and a conventional 2D approach, by evaluating student understanding in diagnosis and treatment planning of orthognathic cases |
The randomized controlled trial (with pre-, post-, and follow-up tests) demonstrated the improvements of understanding in diagnosis and treatment planning in both VR and conventional approaches, without significant difference between the two groups |
| Gredes et al. (2021)28
|
Removable orthodontic appliance, called AR-Demonstrator-App |
Augmented reality that allows users to learn manufacturing steps of removable orthodontic appliance on a plaster model |
To explore student perceptions on handling, acceptance, and usefulness of the intervention use |
The survey using a paper-based questionnaire demonstrated the students tended to have positive attitudes toward the intervention |
| Ho et al. (2021)29
|
Orthodontic diagnosis |
3D digital dental model with inquiry-based learning that allows undergraduate dental students to learn orthodontic diagnostics in simulated environment |
To explore user perceptions toward the intervention and to investigate learning performance of students |
The mixed-methods research (using a questionnaire and focus group discussion) demonstrated high acceptance of the intervention among dental students |
| Lo et al. (2021)30
|
Orthodontic bracket positioning |
Augmented reality that supports orthodontists in bracket placement for orthodontic treatment (an assisted bracket navigation system) |
To evaluate the accuracy of bracket placement by novice and expert orthodontists between AR and a conventional method |
The clinical trial reported that the intervention could enhance the accuracy of bracket placement for novice orthodontists, by comparing the accuracy of bracket placement between the conventional and AR methods by measuring the deviations of bracket positions |
| Sytek et al. (2021)31
|
Diagnosis and treatment planning of orthognathic surgery |
Virtual reality with Oculus VR headset that allows users to use touch controllers to interact with virtual patients in an immersive environment |
To assess performance and attitudes for treatment planning in orthognathic surgery cases using 2D, 3D, and VR simulations among orthodontic residents |
The mixed-methods research reported no significant difference in overall performance of residents among 2D, 3D, and VR simulations. In addition, the evidence from semi-structured interview demonstrated that the residents also tended to be ready to adopt VR simulation |
| Ye et al. (2021)32
|
Orthodontic bracket positioning |
Haptic training simulation that allows users to perform the required steps of orthodontic bracket placement on a virtual patient |
To demonstrate the design and development of the simulation, including the graphics engine |
Technical report without a data collection process and evidence of educational outcomes |
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