ERGONOMIC AND SAFETY CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT OF TRACTORS USED BY SMALLHOLDERS ACCORDING TO BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION AND CURRENT STANDARDS

Reis, Ângelo V. dos; Pereira, Aline S.; Ferreira, Mauro F.; Mackmill, Laurett de Brum; Timm, Márcio W.

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v39n3p391-399/2019

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Technical Paper, Agricultural Machinery Management • Eng. agríc. (Online) 39 (3) • May-Jun 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v39n3p391-399/2019 copy

ERGONOMIC AND SAFETY CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT OF TRACTORS USED BY SMALLHOLDERS ACCORDING TO BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION AND CURRENT STANDARDS¹ 1 This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This article aimed to select items with which to evaluate the ergonomic and safety conditions in tractors used by smallholders and family farmers, based on standardization research and legislation for the sector. Brazil has a comprehensive set of technical standards and legislation for the agricultural machinery sector intended to guarantee product standardization and to promote the health and safety of the users. Therefore, the initial step of this research was to review the technical norms and legislation for the product in order to develop instruments to assess their ergonomic and safety conditions. Twenty-eight Brazilian Technical Standards (NBR) and four Regulatory Norms (NRs) were investigated, in addition to CONTRAN (the Brazilian Traffic Council) Resolution No. 227/2007, which establishes requirements for vehicle lighting and signaling systems, generating 57 safety evaluation items and 35 ergonomic items. These evaluating items were applied to six tractor models commonly sold to smallholders with a rated engine power of 37–57kW. The results indicate levels of safety unconformities as high as 39.7% for the worst case and 44.7% ergonomic-related problems for the same tractor model. These data point to the need for improvements, especially in lower power tractors.

KEYWORDS
operator's seat; noise level; tractor operator

	DOCUMENTS USED
NBR ISO 26322-1:2011	Tractors for agriculture and forestry -safety -Part 1: Standard tractors
NBR ISO 26322-1:2013	Tractors for agriculture and forestry -safety -Part 2: Narrow tracks and small tractors
NBR ISO 4252:2011	Agricultural tractors -Operator's workplace, access and exit -Dimensions
NBR ISO 4253:2015	Agricultural tractors -Operator's seating accommodation -Dimensions
NBR ISO 12003-1:2011	Agricultural and forestry tractors -Roll-over protective structures on narrow track wheeled tractors -Part 1: Front-mounted ROPS
NBR ISO 12003-2:2011	Agricultural and forestry tractors -Roll-over protective structures on narrow track wheeled tractors -Part 2: Rear-mounted ROPS
NBR ISO 5700:2013	Tractors for agriculture and forestry -Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) -Static test method and acceptance conditions
NBR ISO 3776-1:2009	Tractors and machinery for agriculture -Seat belts -Part 1: Anchorage location requirements
NBR ISO 3776-2:2013	Tractors and machinery for agriculture -Seat belts -Part 2: Anchorage strength requirements
NBR 10152:1987	Noise levels for acoustic comfort -Procedure
ISO 13857:2008^* * Adopted by ABNT.	Safety of machinery -Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs
NBR NM ISO 13854:2003	Safety of machinery -Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the upper limbs
NBR 14009:1997	Safety of machinery -Principles for risk assessment
ISO 500-1:2014^* * Adopted by ABNT.	Agricultural tractors -Rear-mounted power take-off types 1, 2, 3 and 4 -Part 1: General specifications, safety requirements, dimensions for master shield and clearance zone
NM 273:2001	Safety of machinery -Interlocking device associated with guards -Principles for design and selection
NBR ISO 5008:2015	Agricultural wheeled tractors and field machinery -Measurement of whole-body vibration of the operator
NBR 14154:1998	Safety of machinery -Prevention of unexpected start-up
NBR 5413:1992	Interior lighting–Specification
NBR 9999:1987	Measurement of noise at the operator's position of agricultural machinery and tractors
NBR ISO 11684:2013	Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment -Safety signs and hazard pictorials -General principles
NBR ISO 4254 −1:1999	Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry -Technical means for ensuring safety -Part1: General
NBR NM ISO 5353:1999	Earth-moving machinery, tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry -Seat index point
NBR NM 213-1:2000	Safety of machinery -Basic concepts, general principles for design -Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology
NBR NM 213-2:2000	Safety of machinery -Basic concepts, general principles for design -Part 2: Technical principles and specification
NBR ISO 3864-1:2013	Graphical symbols–Safety colors and safety signs Part 1: Design principles for safety signs and safety markings
NBR 5556:1986	Road vehicles, and tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry -Symbols for controls, indicators and tell-tales–Symbology
NBR ISO/TR 16982:2014	Ergonomics of human-system interaction -Usability methods supporting human-centered design
NBR ISO 9241-143:2014	Ergonomics of human-system interaction -Part 143: Forms
NR 31	Occupational safety and health in agriculture, livestock, forestry and aquaculture
NR 17	Ergonomics
NR 12	Safety at work on machines and equipment
NR 15	Unhealthy activities and operations
Resolution N° 227/2007	Requirements related to lighting and signaling systems of vehicles

N°	Safety Components and Systems (SCS)
1	Operational controls (steering wheel or levers, shift levers, cranks, pedals and switches must have easy and safe control. They cannot obstruct access)
2	Handrail / handhold (means of support such as handles or handrails, bars, footrest or non-slip steps)
3	Minimum dimensions of internal space
4	Sharp or smashing points while sitting
5	Reach of the operator's feet (it may jeopardize tractor control)
6	Reach of the operator's hand (it may jeopardize tractor control)
7	Presence of a seat that supports the operator and instructions for its use and adjustment in the manual
8	Two-point seat belt
9	Auxiliary seat for instruction
10	Flammability rating of the cabin material (only observe material and take note)
11	Protection at the PTO (check whether it is reversible, if any)
12	Requirements and resistance of protections and shields
13	Electrical equipment (see standard NBR ISO 26322-1, access, protection)
14	Hydraulic components and connections (see NBR ISO 26322-1, access, protection)
15	Ballast (take note of the present weights)
16	Leveling adjustments -three-point hitch system (see standard NBR ISO 26322-1, if automatic, access inside the cab)
17	Fuel systems (see standard NBR ISO 26322-1, operating manual)
18	Roll-over protective structures (ROPS)
20	Hot surfaces (see standard NBR ISO 26322-1, exposure, symbology)
21	Exhaust gas (see standard NBR ISO 26322-1)
22	Manuals -should be provided by the manufacturer
23	Safety and warning signs (alert flashes)
24	Emergency exit (number, location and signaling -at least two), applicable for cabin tractors only
25	Starting and stopping devices must be designed, selected and installed to prevent accidents (i.e.,: start only when the gearbox is in neutral)
26	Electrical or safety interfaces commands -do not cause loss of safety due to failure
27	Simple and unmonitored mechanical interlocking device for protection of the engine compartment
28	Safety sensors (optoelectronic presence detectors, multi-beam laser, optical barriers, area monitors, or scanners, backstops, mats and position sensors)
29	Batteries located for easy exchange and security to prevent accidental contact and short circuits
30	Headlights, taillights, horn, rear view mirror and automatic reverse beep
31	Trailer coupling system must have easy and safe coupling and uncoupling (see if semiautomatic attachment connectors are available)
32	Access permanently fixed and safe at all points of operation and supply, among others
33	Safe access must be indicated in the operating manual
34	Means of access if the height of the workstation is greater than 0.55m
35	Means of access must be designed, constructed, and fixed firmly
36	Means of access must be resistant
37	Fuel tank filling
38	Electrical installations shielded, isolated, and grounded
39	Safe electrical supply (resistance against abrasive materials, suitable materials, etc.)
40	Prohibited in machinery and equipment: general switch acting as an on and off device
41	Prohibited in machinery and equipment: exposed energized parts
42	Starting devices, drive and stop: located outside the hazardous zone
43	Starting devices, drive and stop: they can be switched off in emergencies by others
44	Starting devices, drive and stop: should prevent accidental activation
45	Starting devices, drive and stop: cannot be overridden
46	The controls must have devices that prevent their automatic operation when energized
47	Emergency stop devices
48	Protection of hoses in pressurized systems
49	Exhaust tubes (location and direction to avoid harmful gases or smoke entering the cab, observing the plane of the operator's head and the cabin air inlet)
50	Warning signs and lights (signaling)
51	Shields, components, handrails–yellow
52	Shutdown and maintenance warning–blue
53	Machinery and equipment must include manufacturer's information
54	Qualitative or quantitative indicators or safety controls to warn workers about hazards (cognitive aspect such as a buzzer)
55	They must not allow errors in assembly or reassembly in a way that does not generate risks (design, manufacture, import, sale, use)
56	Fuel, flammable, explosive and substances that react dangerously
57	Accessible hot surfaces that present a risk of burns

N°	Ergonomics Components and Systems (ECS)
1	Visualization and operation (having height and work surface characteristics compatible with the type of activity)
2	Field of vision of the eyes on the work field (seated manual work)
3	Seat height adjustment (seated manual work)
4	Having the work area within an easy reach and view
5	Proper positioning and movement (seated manual work)
6	Conditions of proper posture
7	Positioning and dimensions (use of feet)
8	Height adjustable to the stature of the worker and the nature of the function performed (the seats)
9	Characteristics of little or no deformation in the seat base
10	Rounded front edge of the seat base (seats)
11	Backrest with a shape slightly adapted to the body to protect the lower back
12	Footrest
13	Noise levels according to NR15 (<85 dB for 8 h working)
14	Static or dynamic muscle overload in the neck, shoulders, back, and upper and lower limbs
15	Lifting and manual transport of loads, transport and unload of material (60 kg), lifting (40 kg) in the case of tractor ballast
16	Respect to the postural, cognitive, movement, and physical efforts demanded from the operators
17	Video monitors, signals, and commands should enable clear and precise interactions
18	Icons, symbols, and instructions should be consistent in their appearance and function
19	Reduction of the force, pressure, hold, flexion, extension or twist requirements of the body segments
20	Lighting should be appropriate and be available in emergencies (taillight)
21	Location and distance to allow easy and safe operation (commands)
22	Accessible to the operator (commands)
23	Visibility, identification, and signaling
24	Allow posture alternations and proper movement
25	Must not have sharp corners, rough surfaces, sharp edges, or burrs
26	They must allow the integral support of the feet's soles on the floor (workstations)
27	Meet anthropometric and biomechanical characteristics of the operator (dimensions of workstations)
28	Ensure proper posture, so as to ensure comfortable positions (dimensions of workstations)
29	Avoid bending and twisting the trunk in order to respect the natural angles and trajectories of body movements (dimensions of workstations)
30	Solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical agents (fuels, dust, fumes, mists, haze, gases, or vapors)
31	Non-ionizing radiation (heat: sunlight, communication systems, microwaves)
32	Symbols, inscriptions, light or sound signals
33	Highlighted, visible and easy to understand (signaling)
34	Symbols, inscriptions, and illuminated signs should follow the normative standards (signaling)
35	Be readable and be in Portuguese (signaling)

Dimension	A^* * See Figure 1. (mm)	B (mm)	C (mm)	D (mm)	E (mm)	F (mm)
As specified by ISO 4252: 2011	90	< 310	> 810	> 900	> 300	> 300
Tractor Model
Massey Ferguson 4275 (56kW)	70 ^ The underlined dimensions are outside the range established in NBR 4252: 2011.	468	730	1,420	362	370
Massey Ferguson 255 (37kW)	90	470	660	1,450	371	390
Valtra A750 (57kW)	90	570	940	1,200	320	380
John Deere 5075E (55kW)	150	440	710	1,590	321	378
New Holland TL 75E (57kW)	90	270	890	1,720	465	505

	Tractor model
	NH TL75E			A750			JD5075E			MF4275			MF255
	Engine speed^* * Idle- engine idling; 540 rpm- engine speed set to generate 540 rpm at PTO; max- engine full no-load speed.
Statistics	Idle 540 rpm Full			Idle 540 rpm Full			Idle 540 rpm Full			Idle 540 rpm Full			Idle 540 rpm Full
Mean (dB)	73.5	82.0	89.5	58.2	80.9	85.8	79.8	89.5	93.4	66.5	80.0	89.7	71.3	89.6	95.3
Sd (dB)	8.5	4.9	3.0	3.6	0.3	8.4	1.0	0.2	0.2	10.7	6.9	2.7	12.8	6.5	3.6
Cv (%)	11.6	6.0	3.4	6.3	0.4	9.8	1.3	0.3	0.2	16.1	8.6	3.0	17.9	7.3	3.8

Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola SBEA - Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Exatas FCAV/UNESP, Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 5, 14884.900 | Jaboticabal - SP, Tel./Fax: +55 16 3209 7619 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revistasbea@sbea.org.br

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[1] * Corresponding author. Universidade Federal de Pelotas/ Pelotas - RS, Brasil. E-mail: areis@ufpel.edu.br

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ERGONOMIC AND SAFETY CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT OF TRACTORS USED BY SMALLHOLDERS ACCORDING TO BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION AND CURRENT STANDARDS1 1 This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

ABSTRACT

ERGONOMIC AND SAFETY CONDITIONS ASSESSMENT OF TRACTORS USED BY SMALLHOLDERS ACCORDING TO BRAZILIAN LEGISLATION AND CURRENT STANDARDS¹ 1 This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.