FERTILIZER METERING MECHANISM WITH HELICAL CONIC CYLINDRICAL THREAD FOR FAMILY AGRICULTURE

Galvão, Cezario B.; Albiero, Daniel; Garcia, Angel P.; Monteiro, Leonardo de A.

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v38n6p934-940/2018

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Scientific Paper, Agricultural Machinery Management • Eng. agríc. (Online) 38 (6) • Nov-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v38n6p934-940/2018 copy

FERTILIZER METERING MECHANISM WITH HELICAL CONIC CYLINDRICAL THREAD FOR FAMILY AGRICULTURE

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Small rural farms are important for Brazilian agribusiness, but equipment suitable for distributing fertilizers on these properties is scarce. We studied a new fertilizer metering mechanism for use on the family farm. It combines a helical conic thread with a conventional fertilizer meter in a cylindrical section. The experimental plan was created using a 2⁴ factorial design. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also conducted. The mechanism showed a positive result with respect to the uniformity of fertilizer flow (with a coefficient of variation of 3.1-5.8%), longitudinal distribution (with a coefficient of variation of 4%), and different types of fertilizers (in which variations between 2.7 and 3.5% were found).

KEYWORDS
distribution of fertilizers; family agriculture; helical conic thread

Fertilizer	Water content (%)	Density (kg m⁻³)	Slope angle (degrees)	Weighted mean diameter (mm)
05-20-20	1.89	1.130	42	1.971
Urea	2.16	744	44	1.751
10-30-10	2.22	1.030	40	1.951

Treatment^b b Coding: Eabcd, where (a) is the reservoir level, (b) is the speed, (c) is the level of the fertilizer spreader, and (d) is the axis rotation per linear meter.	Flow		Distribution ratio		Longitudinal distribution
	Symmetry	Kurtosis	Symmetry	Kurtosis	Symmetry	Kurtosis
E1111	-0.92	-0.21	-0.42	-0.56	-0.42	-0.56
E1112	0.00	-1.36	-0.38	-1.41	-0.38	-1.41
E1121	-0.78	-0.66	-0.12	-1.18	-0.12	-1.18
E1122	-0.95	-0.96	-0.27	-0.88	-0.27	-0.88
E1211	-0.11	-1.05	0.00	-0.91	0.00	-0.91
E1212	-0.01	-0.27	-1.48	-0.15	-1.48	-0.15
E1221	-0.01	-0.90	-0.27	-0.69	-0.27	-0.69
E1222	0.03	-0.80	-0.12	-1.25	-0.12	-1.25
E2111	-1.20	-0.21	-0.27	-0.56	-0.27	-0.56
E2112	0.00	-1.36	0.00	-1.41	0.00	-1.41
E2121	-0.86	-0.66	-0.50	-1.18	-0.50	-1.18
E2122	1.05	1.80	-0.38	-0.42	-0.38	-0.42
E2211	-0.19	-1.25	-1.33	-0.38	-1.33	-0.38
E2212	0.07	-1.35	-0.45	-0.12	-0.45	-0.12
E2221	-0.01	-1.37	1.80	-0.27	1.80	-0.27
E2222	0.04	-1.34	-1.25	0.00	-1.25	0.00

Longitudinal distribution
Axis rotation^a a Coding: Eabcd, where (a) is the reservoir level, (b) is the speed, (c) is the level of the fertilizer spreader, and (d) is the axis rotation per linear meter.	Mean (g m⁻¹)	DP^b b DP = Product density and VC = Coefficient of variation. (g m⁻¹)	VC^b b DP = Product density and VC = Coefficient of variation. (%)	g rotation⁻¹	Maximum (g m⁻¹)	Minimum (g m⁻¹)	F ratio (intergroup)	p-value
Eabc1 (2.0)	6.60	0.26	4.1	3.30	7.27	6.27	2.47	0.0636
Eabc2 (3.18)	10.47	0.43	4.7	3.29	11.20	9.79	1.38	0.2788
F ratio intergroup					222.33			0.000

Flow
Axis rotation/speed	Mean (g s⁻¹)	DP (g s⁻¹)	VC (%)	g rotation⁻¹	Maximum (g s⁻¹)	Minimum (g s⁻¹)	F ratio (intergroup)	p-value
Ea1c2 (2/0.69)	4.34	0.23	5.3	3.14	4.63	4.08	22.89	0.32
Ea1c2/Ea2c1	7.02	0.31	4.4	3.16	7.38	6.62	37.98	0.26
Ea2c2 (3.18/1.11)	11.92	0.54	4.5	3.37	12.43	11.28	90.4	0.1
F ratio intergroup					324.93			0.000

Treatment Average of 10 repetitions^ Coding: Eabcd, where (a) is the reservoir level, (b) is the speed, (c) is the level of the fertilizer spreader, and (d) is the axis rotation per linear meter.	Driving wheel skidding (%)	Flow (g s⁻¹)	CV of flow (%)^* ***** The coefficients of variation for flow and distribution ratio are equal because both flow and distribution ratio are dependent variables and the factors speed and spacing are constant.	Longitudinal distribution (g m⁻¹)	CV of longitudinal distribution (%)^* ***** The coefficients of variation for flow and distribution ratio are equal because both flow and distribution ratio are dependent variables and the factors speed and spacing are constant.	Distribution ratio (kg ha⁻¹)^* * For a longitudinal distribution at a spacing of 0.5 m ha−1.	CV of distribution ratio (kg ha⁻¹)^* ***** The coefficients of variation for flow and distribution ratio are equal because both flow and distribution ratio are dependent variables and the factors speed and spacing are constant.
E1111	2	4.27 ± 0.13 ^e a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	3.1	6.19 ± 0.26 ^a a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.2	133.98 ± 4.15 ^c a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	3.1
E1112	2	6.62 ± 0.26 ^g a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	3.9	9.60 ± 0.40 ^b a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	195.89 ± 7.64 ^d a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	3.9
E1121	2	4.08 ± 0.18 ^e a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.3	5.92 ± 0.25 ^a a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.2	128.05 ± 5.51 ^c a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.3
E1122	2	7.10 ± 0.36 ^g a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.1	10.28 ± 0.43 ^b a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	209.88 ± 10.70 ^d a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.1
E1211	2	7.29 ± 0.35 ^g a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.8	6.57 ± 0.27 ^a a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	142.04 ± 6.82 ^c a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.8
E1212	2	11.28 ± 0.52 ^f a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.6	10.16 ± 0.42 ^b a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	207.34 ± 9.54 ^d a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.6
E1221	2	6.79 ± 0.30 ^g a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.4	6.12 ± 0.25 ^a a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.0	132.29 ± 5.82 ^c a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.4
E1222	2	11.66 ± 0.55 ^f a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.7	10.50 ± 0.44 ^b a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.2	214.33 ± 10.07 ^d a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.7
E2111	2	4.64 ± 0.24 ^e a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.1	6.72 ± 0.28 ^a a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	145.43 ± 7.42 ^c a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.1
E2112	2	7.05 ± 0.39 ^g a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.5	10.22 ± 0.42 ^b a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.0	208.61 ± 11.47 ^d a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.5
E2121	2	4.38 ± 0.25 ^e a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.8	6.35 ± 0.26 ^a a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	137.38 ± 7.97 ^c a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.8
E2122	2	7.38 ± 0.40 ^g a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.4	10.70 ± 0.44 ^b a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	214.00 ± 11.56 ^d a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.4
E2211	2	6.99 ± 0.31 ^g a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.5	6.30 ± 0.26 ^a a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	126.00 ± 5.67 ^c a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.5
E2212	2	12.32 ± 0.69 ^f a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.6	11.1 ± 0.46 ^b a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	222.00 ± 12.43 ^d a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	5.6
E2221	2	6.96 ± 0.30 ^g a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.3	6.27 ± 0.26 ^a a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	125.40 ± 5.39 ^c a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.3
E2222	2	12.43 ± 0.53 ^f a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.3	11.20 ± 0.46 ^b a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.1	224.00 ± 9.63 ^d a-g The presence of the same letters indicates the absence of a statistically significant difference at the 95% level among the means according to the LSD test.	4.3

Fertilizers	Mean (g m⁻¹)	DP (g m⁻¹)	VC (%)	g rotation⁻¹	Maximum (g m⁻¹)	Minimum (g m⁻¹)	F ratio	p-value
Longitudinal distribution
05-20-20	6.19	0.26	4.2	3.09	6.57	5.99
Urea	6.21	0.27	4.3	3.10	6.54	6.00	2.48	0.52
10-30-10	6.20	0.25	4.0	3.10	6.49	6.11
Flow
05-20-20	4.30	0.12	2.7	3.11	4.41	4.21
Urea	4.26	0.13	3.0	3.08	4.30	4.25	2.76	0.46
10-30-10	4.29	0.15	3.5	3.10	4.31	4.24

Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola SBEA - Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Exatas FCAV/UNESP, Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 5, 14884.900 | Jaboticabal - SP, Tel./Fax: +55 16 3209 7619 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revistasbea@sbea.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author. Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FEAGRI/UNICAMP)/ Campinas - SP, Brasil. E-mail: cezario.galvao@feagri.unicamp.br