POTENTIAL USE OF PALM OIL AND COCOA WASTE BIOMASSES AS SOURCES OF ENERGY GENERATION BY GASIFICATION SYSTEM IN THE STATE OF PARÁ, BRAZIL

Bandeira, Francisco J. S.; Ribeiro Junior, José A. S.; Mesquita, Alexandre L. A.; Mesquita, André L. A.; Torres, Ednildo A.

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v43nepe20220151/2023

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Review Paper, Special Issue: Energy in Agriculture • Eng. agríc. 43 (spe) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v43nepe20220151/2023 copy

POTENTIAL USE OF PALM OIL AND COCOA WASTE BIOMASSES AS SOURCES OF ENERGY GENERATION BY GASIFICATION SYSTEM IN THE STATE OF PARÁ, BRAZIL

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Regional development in the state of Pará (Brazil) continues to be limited by lack of access to energy. This is a problem that is widespread in several rural communities and agricultural regions. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the potential use of palm oil and cocoa processing waste biomass, which are abundant in the state and whose energy capacities can be used to generate electricity in biomass gasification plants. To do so, a literature review on elementary and calorific value analysis of palm oil (empty fruit bunches, fibers, kernel shell and cake, trunks, and others) and cocoa (pod husks) were conducted. The findings have shown that both waste biomass materials have satisfactory energetic characteristics for use in gasification plants. Thus, palm oil and cocoa processing waste biomasses are alternative energy sources for producers of these fruits in upstate Pará, enabling the development of the region.

biomass gasification; biomass waste; palm oil waste; cocoa waste; energy production

Countercurrent fixed-bed gasifier with gas recycled	Fluidized bed gasifier
(-) Fines in the feed must be agglomerated.	(+) No problems with fine in the power.
(-) Particle size as uniform as possible.	(+) Wide particle size distribution.
(+) Too large particle sizes (above 100mm).	(+) Limited particle sizes (below 50mm).
(+) Gases virtually free of tars.	(-) Tars (1gr/m3): High levels of tars in gases.
(+) High coal conversion (90 - 99%).	(-) Conversion of coal into beech by 90%.
(+) Discharge of liquid slag.	(-) Fusion of ashes.
(+) Advantages. (-) Disadvantages.

Author	Material	Moisture (%)	Volatiles (%)	Ashes (%)	Fixed carbon (%)
Pranolo et al. (2019)Pranolo SH, Waluyo j, Prasetiyo J, Hanif MI (2019) Application of recycle system on a cocoa pod husks gasification in a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier to produce low tar fuel gas. Journal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 14(2):120-129.	Cocoa pod husk	12.66	60.95	7.97	18.42
Martínez-Ángel et al. (2015)Martínez-Ángel JD, Villamizar-Gallardo RA, Ortiz-Rodríguez OO (2015) Characterization and evaluation of cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Pod husk as a renewable energy source. Agrociencia 49:329-345.	Cocoa pod husk		56.00	1.50	32.50
		-	68.8	4.10	27.00
			73.7	14.3	12.00
Titiloye et al. (2013)Titiloye JO, Bakar MSA, Odetoye TE (2013) Thermochemical characterization of agricultural wastes from West Africa. Industria Crops and Products 47:199-203.	Cocoa pod husk	10.29	68.47	10.81	10.43
Van der Drift et al. (2001)Van der Drift A, van Doorn J, Vermeulen JW (2001) Ten residual biomass fuels for circulating fluidized-bed gasification. Biomass Bioenerg. 20: 45-56.	Cocoa pod husk	13.90	75.80	10.50	22.90
Kitani et al. (1989)Kitani O, Hall CW, Wagener K (1989) Biomass Handbook. New York, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. 993 p	Cocoa pod husk	-	68.00	8.20	23.80
Syamsiro et al. (2012)Syamsiro M, Saptoadi H, Tambunan BH, Pambudi NAA (2012) Preliminary study on use of cocoa pod husk as a renewable source of energy in Indonesia. Energy for Sustainable Development 16(1)74–77.	Cocoa pod husk	-	59.5	16.10	22.90

Author (year)	Material	C (%)	H (%)	N (%)	O (%)
Pranolo et al. (2019)Pranolo SH, Waluyo j, Prasetiyo J, Hanif MI (2019) Application of recycle system on a cocoa pod husks gasification in a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier to produce low tar fuel gas. Journal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 14(2):120-129.	Cocoa pod husk	39.87	5.96	0.74	45.33
Martínez-Ángel et al. (2015)Martínez-Ángel JD, Villamizar-Gallardo RA, Ortiz-Rodríguez OO (2015) Characterization and evaluation of cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Pod husk as a renewable energy source. Agrociencia 49:329-345.	Cocoa pod husk	50.00	6.00	0.70	43.30
		43.80	5.20	0.60	50.30
		43.50	5.10	0.50	50.80
Titiloye et al. (2013)Titiloye JO, Bakar MSA, Odetoye TE (2013) Thermochemical characterization of agricultural wastes from West Africa. Industria Crops and Products 47:199-203.	Cocoa pod husk	43.90	5.80	2.20	47.60
Van der Drift et al. (2001)Van der Drift A, van Doorn J, Vermeulen JW (2001) Ten residual biomass fuels for circulating fluidized-bed gasification. Biomass Bioenerg. 20: 45-56.	Cocoa pod husk	53.00	5.85	3.39	37.60

Author (year)	Material	Calorific value (MJ/kg)	CO (%)	H₂ (%)	N₂ (%)	CO₂ (%)	CH₄(%)
Van der Drift et al. (2001)Van der Drift A, van Doorn J, Vermeulen JW (2001) Ten residual biomass fuels for circulating fluidized-bed gasification. Biomass Bioenerg. 20: 45-56.	Cocoa pod husk	19.30	8.00	9.02	61.45	16.02	2.34
Gunasekaran et al. (2021)Gunasekaran AP, Chockalingam MP, Padmavathy SR, Santhappan JS (2021) Numerical and experimental investigation on the thermochemical gasification potential of Cocoa pod husk (Theobroma Cacoa) in an open-core gasifier. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 23(5):1603-1615.	Cocoa pod husk	-	20.30 – 23.80	12.00 – 16.20	-	-	2.30 – 3.20
Pranolo et al. (2019)Pranolo SH, Waluyo j, Prasetiyo J, Hanif MI (2019) Application of recycle system on a cocoa pod husks gasification in a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier to produce low tar fuel gas. Journal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 14(2):120-129.	Cocoa pod husk	15.5	23.29	13.30	-	14.83	2.66

Author	Material	Moisture (%)	Volatile (%)	Ashes (%)	Fixed carbon (%)
Rosa et al. (2016)Rosa AA, Anjos ARD, Montenegro AL, Pighinelli T, Evaristo RBW, Machado F, Gambetta R (2016) Caracterização química e gaseificação em leito fluidizado borbulhante de bagaço de cana e engaço de dendê. In: III Encontro de Pesquisa e Inovação da Embrapa Agroenergia.	Empty bunches	6.18	72.62	5.27	15.93
Ariffin et al. (2016)Ariffin MA, Mahmood WMFW, Harun Z, Mohamed, R (2016) Medium-scale gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch for power generation. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 19(3): 1244-1252.	Empty bunches	5.00	83.00	3.00	9.00
Ariffin et al. (2015)Ariffin MA, Mahmood WMFW, Mohamed R, Nor MTM (2015) Performance of oil palm frond gasification using medium-scale downdraft gasification for electricity generation. IET Renewable Power Generation 9(3):228-235.	Oil palm frond	6.24	80.23	1.40	18.37
Guangul et al. (2012)Guangul FM, Sulaiman SA, Ramli A (2012) Gasifier selection, design and gasification of oil palm fronds with preheated and unheated gasifying air, Bioresource Technology 126:224–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012....	Oil palm frond	16.00	83.50	1.30	15.20
Lahijani & Zainal (2011)Lahijani P, Zainal ZA (2011) Gasification of palm empty fruit bunch in a bubbling fluidized bed: a performance and agglomeration study. Bioresource Technology 102:2068–2076.	Empty bunches	7.80	79.34	4.50	8.36
Costa (2018)Costa JSD (2018) Biomassa residual para uso energético no estado do Pará. Dissertação (Mestrado), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia.	Empty bunches	10.00	76.63	4.54	18.83
Idris et al. (2010)Idris SS, Rahman NA. Ismail K, Alias AB, Rashid ZA, Aris MJ (2010) Investigation on thermochemical behaviour of low rank Malaysian coal, oil palm biomass and their blends during pyrolysis via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Bioresource Technology 101:4584-4592.	Empty bunches	-	70.50	5.80	15.40
	Kernel shell	-	69.20	10.50	16.00
	Mesocarp fiber	-	68.80	10.20	15.20
Wilson et al. (2011)Wilson L, Yang W, Blasiak W, John GR, Mhilu CF (2011) Thermal characterization of tropical biomass feedstocks. Energy Conversion and Management 52:191–198.	Fibers	4.98	79.00	11.80	9.30
	Branches	8.10	79.60	7.80	12.60
	Stems	9.10	81.20	3.50	15.30

Author (year)	Material	C (%)	H (%)	N (%)	O (%)
Ariffin et al. (2016)Ariffin MA, Mahmood WMFW, Harun Z, Mohamed, R (2016) Medium-scale gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch for power generation. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 19(3): 1244-1252.	Empty bunches	42.08	7.00	0.99	49.93
Ariffin et al. (2015)Ariffin MA, Mahmood WMFW, Mohamed R, Nor MTM (2015) Performance of oil palm frond gasification using medium-scale downdraft gasification for electricity generation. IET Renewable Power Generation 9(3):228-235.	Oil palm frond	42.88	7.06	0.52	49.54
Guangul et al. (2012)Guangul FM, Sulaiman SA, Ramli A (2012) Gasifier selection, design and gasification of oil palm fronds with preheated and unheated gasifying air, Bioresource Technology 126:224–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012....	Oil palm frond	44.58	4.53	0.71	48.80
Lahijani & Zainal (2011)Lahijani P, Zainal ZA (2011) Gasification of palm empty fruit bunch in a bubbling fluidized bed: a performance and agglomeration study. Bioresource Technology 102:2068–2076.	Empty bunches	43.52	5.72	1.20	48.90
Nyakuma et al. (2014)Nyakuma BB, Oladokun OA, Johari A, Ahmad A, Abdulah TAT (2014) A simplified model for gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch briquettes. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 69(2):7–9.	Empty bunches	43.15	5.73	1.20	49.88
Costa (2018)Costa JSD (2018) Biomassa residual para uso energético no estado do Pará. Dissertação (Mestrado), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia.	Empty bunches	48.99	6.61	1.90	36.67
Oliveira (2012)Oliveira ALPCD (2012) Termoconversão da fibra do dendê (elaeis sp.) empregando etanol supercrítico. Dissertação (Mestrado), Universidade Tiradentes.	Fibers	43.00	5.60	1.40	49.80
Wilson et al. (2011)Wilson L, Yang W, Blasiak W, John GR, Mhilu CF (2011) Thermal characterization of tropical biomass feedstocks. Energy Conversion and Management 52:191–198.	Fibers	52.20	7.10	0.70	28.00
	Branches	45.60	5.60	0.19	39.30
	Stems	47.50	5.90	0.28	42.50
Idris et al. (2010)Idris SS, Rahman NA. Ismail K, Alias AB, Rashid ZA, Aris MJ (2010) Investigation on thermochemical behaviour of low rank Malaysian coal, oil palm biomass and their blends during pyrolysis via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Bioresource Technology 101:4584-4592.	Empty bunches	40.93	5.42	1.56	51.78
	Kernel shell	41.33	4.57	0.99	53.02
	Mesocarp fiber	43.19	5.24	1.59	49.79
Luangkiattikhun et al. (2008)Luangkiattikhun P, Tangsathitkulchai C, Tangsathiikulchai M (2008) Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis of oil-palm solid wastes. Bioresource Technology 99: 986-997.	Fibers	46.64	5.66	1.73	39.46

Author (year)	Material	Calorific value (MJ/kg)	CO (%)	H₂ (%)	CO₂ (%)	CH₄ (%)
Ariffin et al. (2016)Ariffin MA, Mahmood WMFW, Harun Z, Mohamed, R (2016) Medium-scale gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch for power generation. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 19(3): 1244-1252.	Empty bunches	16.00	11 – 11.20	5.77 – 7.07	20.63 – 21.81	4.10 – 6.42
Ariffin et al. (2015)Ariffin MA, Mahmood WMFW, Mohamed R, Nor MTM (2015) Performance of oil palm frond gasification using medium-scale downdraft gasification for electricity generation. IET Renewable Power Generation 9(3):228-235.	Oil palm frond	17.03	16.31 – 17.62	10.58 – 10.70	17.96 – 18.35	5.97 – 7.40
Guangul et al. (2012)Guangul FM, Sulaiman SA, Ramli A (2012) Gasifier selection, design and gasification of oil palm fronds with preheated and unheated gasifying air, Bioresource Technology 126:224–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012....	Oil palm frond	17.28	22.78 – 24.94	8.47 – 10.53	11.81 – 12.80	2.02 – 2.03
Moni and Sulaiman (2013)	Oil palm frond	18.00	9.23 – 28.21	4.71 – 11.29	7.82 – 15.19	4.71 – 11.29

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[1] * Corresponding author. Federal University of Pará - UFPA/Belém - PA, Brazil. E-mail: alexmesq@ufpa.br | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-8381