ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS EQUIPPED WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE AND FULL POWERSHIFT TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

Strapasson Neto, Lauro; Zimmermann, Gabriel G.; Jasper, Samir P.; Savi, Daniel; Sobenko, Luiz R.

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v42n1e20210052/2022

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Scientific Paper • Eng. agríc. (Online) 42 (1) • Jan-Feb 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v42n1e20210052/2022 copy

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS EQUIPPED WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE AND FULL POWERSHIFT TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The efficiency of agricultural tractor transmission has been improved over the years, with new concepts such as Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) and Full Powershift (FPS) evolving in advanced technologies. Both options seek to offer the farmer greater operational results with lower energy expenditure, necessitating studies to assess the effectiveness of these technologies and define the best choice for each purpose. The objective of this work was to evaluate the energy efficiency of two tractors equipped with CVT and FPS transmissions. For this, a strip experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, that analyzed, in addition to CVT and FPS transmissions, target velocities of 4, 6, 8 and 10 km h^-1. Operational energy performance parameters were evaluated, such as slippage index, engine rotation, operational velocity, fuel consumption, power available and efficiency on the drawbar, turbo pressure and temperatures of air intake and exhaust gas. Based on the results obtained, the tractor with FPS transmission was more energy efficient in most of the analyzed parameters, requiring 16.31% less in hourly fuel consumption, and providing 16.29% more in the traction bar yield, however, with lower operational velocity compared to the tractor with CVT transmission.

KEYWORDS
fuel consumption; operational velocity; performance; power

Tractor	Case IH Magnum 380		Case IH Magnum 340
Transmission	CVT		FPS (18x4)
Nominal power (kW/cv)^* * ISO TR14396;	283 / 380		250 / 340
Traction type	4x2 AFWD^ AFWD – auxiliary front-wheel drive;		4x2 AFWD^ AFWD – auxiliary front-wheel drive;
Anticipation index (%)	1.68		1.60
Total static mass (kg)	21,171.34		18,631.23
Power-mass ratio (N kW^-1/N cv^-1)	733.59 / 546.32		730.85 / 537.39
Static mass distribution (%)	Front-axle	Rear-axle	Front-axle	Rear-axle
	40	60	42	58
	Front tyres	Rear tyres	Front tyres	Rear tyres
Tyre type	Goodyear 480/70R34	Goodyear 710/70R42	Goodyear 480/70R34	Goodyear 710/70R42
Tyre pressure (kPa/psi)	96.50 / 14 (I)^* ***** I – internal wheelset;	68.95 / 10 (I)^* ***** I – internal wheelset;	96.50 / 14 (I)^* ***** I – internal wheelset;	68.95 / 10 (I)^* ***** I – internal wheelset;
Tyre pressure (kPa/psi)	82.74 / 12 (E)^** ****** E – external wheelset.	55.20 / 8 (E)^** ****** E – external wheelset.	82.74 / 12 (E)^** ****** E – external wheelset.	55.20 / 8 (E)^** ****** E – external wheelset.

Analysis		Parameters
Analysis		S_I(%)	E_R(rpm)	FC_H (L h^-1)	DB_F (kN)	v_O(km h^-1)	DB_P(kW)
	SW	0.650	0.277	0.726	0.138	0.319	0.805
	BF	0.917	0.735	0.042	0.892	0.033	0.500
F-test	T	52.42^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	7,703.01^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	2,143.81^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	9.86^* * Values with different letters in a column are significantly different (P < 0.05). F-test: NS – not significant – P < 0.05;	30.89^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	119.67^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.
	v_T	15.99^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	3,715.75^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	303.89^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	1.07^NS	5,095.75^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	903.41^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.
	T x v_T	0.56^NS	1,255.78^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	29.28^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	7.06^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	5.13^* * Values with different letters in a column are significantly different (P < 0.05). F-test: NS – not significant – P < 0.05;	9.07^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; SI – slippage index ER – engine rotation; FCH – hourly fuel consumption; DBF – force on the drawbar; vO – operational velocity; DBP – power on the drawbar; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.
C_V (%)	T	13.06	0.45	1.21	2.84	1.81	1.94
	v_T	15.32	0.40	4.76	3.95	1.49	3.44
	T x v_T	16.66	0.37	5.90	2.86	1.69	2.52
Mean test	380 CVT	2.38 b	1,548 b	46.89 a	68.03 b	7.13 a	129.62 b
Mean test	340 FPS	3.22 a	1,756 a	39.24 b	69.97 a	6.61 b	138.60 a

Analysis		Parameters
Analysis		DB_η (%)	FC_S(g kW h^-1)	ET_η(%)	TP(kPa)	I_T(°C)	E_T(°C)
	SW	0.199	0.520	0.534	0.191	0.985	0.062
	BF	0.523	0.521	0.259	0.049	0.026	0.929
F-test	T	850.94^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	993.94^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	740.63^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	0.307^NS	1,540.50^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	259.01^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.
	v_T	898.76^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	34.26^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	33.72^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	295.02^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	572.22^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	721.96^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.
	T x v_T	21.08^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	18.62^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	33.33^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	26.07^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	870.88^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.	77.67^ – P < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test: SW≤0.05 – abnormal data; SW>0.05 – data normality. Brown-Forsythe homogeneity test: BW≤0.05 – heterogeneous variances; BW>0.05 – homogeneous variances. CV – coefficient of variation; DBη – drawbar efficiency; FCS – specific fuel consumption; ETη – engine thermal efficiency; TP – turbo pressure; IT – intake air temperature; ET – exhaust gas temperature; T – transmission factor; vT – target velocity factor; 380 CVT – tractor with CVT transmission; 340 FPS – tractor with FPS transmission.
C_V (%)	T	1.92	2.07	2.57	2.80	1.93	5.72
	v_T	3.47	6.05	6.19	4.23	0.90	1.51
	T x v_T	2.76	5.38	5.18	2.24	1.02	4.31
Mean test	380 CVT	46.50 B	310 A	27.73 B	83.81 A	27.04 B	183.52 B
Mean test	340 FPS	55.55 A	252 B	34.62 A	82.83 A	34.30 A	246.04 A

Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola SBEA - Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Exatas FCAV/UNESP, Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 5, 14884.900 | Jaboticabal - SP, Tel./Fax: +55 16 3209 7619 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revistasbea@sbea.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author. Universidade Federal do Paraná/ Curitiba - PR, Brazil. E-mail: gabrielganancini@gmail.com