| Ruffin PT. A history of massage in nurse training school curricula (1860-1945).
J Holist Nurs [Online journal]. Mar 2011 [cited May 2012]; 29(1): 61-7. Available
at: . http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/07/30/0898010110377355
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Nightingale emphasized touch as a way of care, which raised massage as a
practice and subspecialty of nursing from 1873 to 1945, when this was prescribed
by physicians. Between 1930 and 1940, with the development of drugs like morphine
and aspirin, nursing care was more focused on technology, and massage started
losing its importance. Currently, there is a movement to insert this content into
the curriculum of nursing courses. |
| Stanley D, Sherratt A. Lamp light on leadership: clinical leadership and
Florence Nightingale. J Nurs Manag [Online journal]. Mar 2010 [cited 02 May 2012];
18(2): 115-21. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01051.x/full
|
It defines nursing leadership as an administrative matter and clinical
leadership as assistive matter. It can be highlighted that Nightingale was a Nurse
Leader, and her work was more administrative than assistive, given her short
period practicing, her terrible relationship with the nurses and greater concern
with the cleaning and organization of the ward than with direct patient care. |
| Lopes LMM, Santos SMP. Florence Nightingale –Apontamentos sobre a fundadora da
enfermagem moderna. Rev Enferm Refer [Online journal]. Dec 2010. [cited 02 May
2012] III Series (2): 181-9. Available at: http://www.esenfc.pt/rr/rr/index.php?target=DetalhesArtigo&id_website=3&id_artigo=2208&pesquisa=dor
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Historical review of the life and achievements of Nightingale. It highlights her
contribution through actions and written work that made professional nursing
practice a dignified profession, which was innovative by prioritizing patients and
prevention, rather than what was the focus at those times: diseases and cure. |
| Selanders LC, Crane P. Florence Nightingale in absentia: nursing and the 1893
Columbian Exposition. J Holist Nurs. [Online journal] Dec 2010; [cited 02 May
2012]; 28(4): 313-6. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807865
|
Analysis of data collected from reports deriving from the Charity and
Philanthropy International Congress, which took place at the same time as the
Colombian Exposition in 1893. There was much discussion about Nursing and,
although Nightingale did not participate due to her poor health, her achievements
and written work had great influence. The regularization of the profession was
discussed, which was a position not supported by Nightingale because she believed
that professional nursing was a gift of God and there was not an education level
capable of reaching this status. |
| Wagner DJ, Whaite B. An exploration of the nature of caring relationships in the
writings of Florence Nightingale. J Holist Nurs. [Online journal] Dec 2010; [cited
02 May 2012]; 28(4): 225-34. Available at: http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/28/4/225.short?rss=1&ssource=mfr
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It defines the “care relationships” as a way of nourishing the fact of being
with others (person or group), which included attitudes and actions. Nightingale’s
written work offers an opportunity to explore past nursing care relationships and
their influence on current professional nursing practice and education. |
| Dossey BM. Florence Nightingale: A 19th-century mystic. J Holist Nurs. [Online
jornal] 2010; [cited 02 May 2012]; 28(1): 10-35. Available at: http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/28/1/10.abstract
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It indicates five phases in Nightingale’s spiritual development: Calling: when
she was 16, she had a vision, but only clearly understood it when she was 30;
Purgation: years of fight and suffering to understand the calling and convince her
family that she would be God’s wife and help the ones in need throughout the
world; Enlightenment: phase in which her studies and determination are recognized
with her first job as a nurse and her work in the Crimean War; Resignation: phase
she returned to England, where she slowly recovered from an illness and also from
mental and physical fatigue resulting from the period of intense work as a nurse,
as well as from her vocation revealed by God. During this phase, she wrote the
book “Union: Last Decade of Life”, which seeks to better understand the words of
God, moment of peace and plenitude. |
| Selanders LC. Florence Nightingale: The evolution and social impact of feminist
values in nursing. J Holist Nurs. [Online journal] 2010; [cited 02 May 2012;
28(1): 70-78. Available at: http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/28/1/70.abstract . |
It analyzes the novel written by Nightingale entitled “Cassandra”, which
describes the status and futility of being a woman in Victorian
England; it is stated that this was an autobiography. Cassandra, a Greek myth,
became a young woman of exquisite beauty, prophetess and devout of Apollo. When
she refused to sleep with him, Apollo cursed her so that nobody would believe her
predictions. Years after this fact, Cassandra was killed by a woman. This is a
reflection of Nightingale, when she realized the important women in her life had
destroyed her, her mother and sister. In her written work “Suggestions of Thought”
and “Cassandra”, the feminist positions are highlighted and it is stated that
Nightingale was not an extreme feminist, who contributed to women by breaking the
paradigms related to the female gender, establishing nursing as a profession. |
| Dossey BM. Florence Nightingale: her crimean fever and chronic illness. J Holist
Nurs. [Online journal] 2010; [cited 02 May 2012]; 28(1): 38-53. Available at:
http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/28/1/38.abstract . |
It discussed the most common illnesses of Nightingale’s times and concluded that
her symptoms were consistent with the Crimean fever, known as brucellosis. Many
criticisms surround her emotional state, but the illness affected her personality,
making her irritable, stressed and depressed. Nightingale’s life analysis and
symptoms showed that she suffered strong pain and severe crises for 32 years,
caused by the illness from 1855 to 1887. At that time, the doctors viewed her
symptoms as a consequence of her excessive dedication to work. |
| McDonald L. Florence Nightingale: Passionate statistician. J Holist Nurs.
[Online journal] March 2010; [cited 02 May 2012]; 28(1): 92-98. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20467034
|
Nightingale’s passion for statistics is directly related to her spirituality.
Statistics help by precisely indicating how to act according to God’s wishes in
order to take care of what was created by Him. The knowledge about statistical
data led her to perform the hospital reform. Nightingale’s learning with the
Belgian Quetelet can be highlighted, concerning the monitoring of the healthcare
system and maternal mortality during childbirth, which instigated improvements in
these areas. |
| Beck DM. Remembering Florence Nightingale’s Panorama: 21st-Century Nursing-At a
critical crossroads. J Holist Nurs. [Online journal] Dec 2010; [cited 02 May
2012]; 28(4): 291-301. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664022
|
It explores the terms used by Nightingale – healthcare and illness nursing -, in
which nurses should put patients into the best conditions for health to take
place. This orientation by Nightingale is seen nowadays as something forgotten
while focusing on the illness, and therefore should be remembered by nurses in
order to improve the present and plan the future. |
| Neils PE. The influence of Nightingale rounding by the liaison nurse on surgical
patient families with attention to differing cultural needs. J Holist Nurs.
[Online journal] Dec 2010; [cited 02 May 2012]; 28(4): 235-43. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592290
|
The lessons taken from Florence’s written work permitted emphasizing the ways
nurses are and act in the scenario of surgical treatment, as well as the
importance of having a nurse as a link between the family, the team and the
patient in the surgical center. |
| Beck DM. Expanding our Nightingale horizon: seven recommendations for
21st-century nursing practice. J Holist Nurs. [Online journal] Dec 2010; [cited 02
May 2012]; (28)4: 317-26. Available at: http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/28/4/317.abstract
|
Seven recommendations for Nursing in the 21st century based on Nightingale’s
written work. These recommendations were adapted to the present days and
emphasized, in her times, in order to inspire nurses in the world: 1. promote
health and influence with positive examples; 2. value the nurses and their health
care; 3. use interdisciplinary and intercultural collaboration to promote
community health; 4. think globally and act locally to create health education to
everyone; 5. turn communication means into catalysts for professional nursing
practice and health; 6. maintain a holistic and cross-disciplinary health; 7.
respond to your internal calling, be the change you wish to see. |
| Selanders LC. The power of environmental adaptation: Florence Nightingale’s
original theory for nursing practice. J Holist Nurs. [Online journal] March 2010;
[cited 02 May 2012]; 28(1): 81-88. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9801537
|
Analysis of Nightingale’s work under the philosophical paradigm in order to
define her theory and components. It presents seven assumptions: Natural Laws;
Nursing is a calling; Humanity can achieve perfection; Nursing is an art and a
science; Nursing is achieved by environmental change; Nursing needs specific basic
education; Nursing is different and separate from Medicine. The theory components,
also named concepts, are: environment, human being, health and Professional
Nursing Practice. This theoretical basis proposes the Nightingale’s Model for
nursing practice, relating it to the Glasgow Model, in order to conclude that the
first is philosophically consistent and practically applicable. |
| Attewell A. Florence Nightingale’s relevance to nurses. J Holist Nurs. [Online
journal] March 2010; [cited 02 May 2012]; 28(1): 101-6. Available at: http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/28/1/101.abstract
|
Analysis of Nightingale’s relevance to nurses, studying her contribution in
three aspects of nursing: knowledge, organization and education, and the
importance of her life. The organization of nursing stands out based on her
efforts to pursue the respect of doctors, besides the important role in hospital
reforms. In education, the influence of Nightingale’s Model can be seen in
schools, initially directed towards hospital practice; however, Nightingale also
envisioned care in public health. |
| Kearney G. We must not forget what we once knew. J Holist Nurs. [Online journal]
Dec 2010; [cited 02 May 2012]; 28(4): 260-2. Available at: http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/28/4/260.abstract
|
Report of a refresher course for nurses working at a New York hospital. Parts of
letters from Nightingale and the book “Notes on Nursing” were used. At the end,
the participants reported they were surprised at how up-to-date Nightingale is in
her positions and inspiring for nursing practice. |
| Selanders LC, Lake K, Crane P. From charity to caring: Nightingale’s experience
at Harley Street. J Holist Nurs. [Online journal] Dec 2010; [cited 02 May 2012];
28(4): 284-90. Available at: http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/28/4/284.abstract
|
It addresses Nightingale’s work at the hospital in the city of Harley Street.
The quarterly reports to the hospital board demanded changes: literate and
educated nurses, assistance to all sick people regardless of their religion, the
cleaning of the facilities, promotion of a dignified death and the dissemination
of nursing as a job for women. The perception about her role in Harley Street was
to provide nursing as a Christian service to mankind. |
| Wildman S. Nursing and the issue of ‘party’ in the Church of England: the case
of the Lichfield Diocesan Nursing Association. Nurs Inquiry. [Online journal]
2009; [cited 02 May 2012]; 16(2): 94-102. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453354
|
The involvement of the Church and religion in Nursing was very strong in the
nineteenth century. The diocese of the city of Lichfield, in England, created a
Diocesan Nursing Association and, in an opposite response, the Derby Association
emerged, both disputing the control of nursing in the region. When asking
Nightingale for advice and support, she was willing to guide them, but without
engaging in religious controversies. She helped and sought nurses from all
religious without discrimination. As a result, she exchanged letters with both
organizations, advising them on nursing practices. |
| Costa R, Padilha MICS, Amante LN, Costa E, Bock LF.O legado de Florence
Nightingale: uma viagem no tempo.Texto Contexto Enferm. [Online journal] Oct/Dec
2009; [cited 02 May 2012]; 18(4): 661-9. Available at: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/tce/v18n4/07.pdf
|
The review calls attention to Nightingale’s biography, and to her social,
political, educative, administrative, feminist and historical role. The articles
selected in this review present criticism and compliments; however, it appears
that Nightingale’s life and her role as a creator of modern nursing in the world
is reinforced as something positive, a woman who dedicated her life to the care of
others and to the professionalization of nursing. |
| Helmstadter C. Authority and leadership: the evolution of nursing management in
19th century teaching hospitals. J Nursing Management; [Online journal] 2008;
[cited 02 May 2012]; 16(1): 4-13. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18211330
|
It presents an overview of nursing in the nineteenth century in the area of
administration, with a detailed history of the nursing leaders in the hospitals
during that period. Nightingale found it difficult to coordinate the nurses at St
Thomas Hospital, since they rejected her authority while planning the school of
nursing. In 1860, the Nightingale Nursing School was founded but, due to health
problems, she could not attend it in person. Therefore, she started to send annual
letters to the students, inspiring and guiding them about nursing. Despite the
difficulty Nightingale faced to administer the School of Nursing, it was named
after her, due to her recognition in society, and it adopted her teaching
method. |
| Meyers PD, McNicholas MJ. Improved data illustration in complex multi-ligament
knee reconstruction surgery. Acta Orthop. [Online journal] 2008; [cited 02 May
2012]; 79(2): 244-8. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18484251
|
To support the development of a technological tool for data research, aimed at
the development of studies in knee reconstruction, a historical review of
Nightingale and John Venn is undertaken. Nightingale, who is remembered as the
pioneer in hospital sanitation methods and Venn as an English mathematician; she
was also innovative in collecting, tabulating, interpreting and illustrating
descriptive statistics. During the Crimean War, she invented the polar-area
diagram to add clarity to mortality data and to demonstrate their relationship
with the living conditions found. She revolutionized the idea that social events
can be subject to mathematical analysis and, using statistics, graphically
illustrated the need for health care reform. |
| Macedo PO, Quitete JB, Lima EC, Santos I, Vargens OMC. As tecnologias de cuidado
de enfermagem obstétrica fundamentadas pela teoria ambientalista de Florence
Nightingale. Escola Anna Nery Rev Enferm. [Online journal] 2008 [cited 02 May
2012]. 12(2): 341-7. Available at: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ean/v12n2/v12n2a22.pdf
|
Analysis of care technologies during child labor with Nightingale’s theoretical
framework based on the book “Notes on Nursing”. Parts extracted from the book are
highlighted and interpreted within the reality of nursing care during labor and
delivery, concluding that it is possible to use her written work in nursing
practice. |
| Stanley D. Lights in the shadows: Florence Nightingale and others who made their
mark. Contemp Nurse. [Online journal] Feb 2007; [cited 02 May 2012]; 24(1): 45-51.
Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17348782
|
Nightingale received great recognition for her participation in the Crimean War;
however, other women also played important roles in this war. She became the
Savior of Scutari, given her political influence and support from influential
people, such as Queen Victoria. It was disclosed that she reduced the mortality in
the Crimean from 42.7% to 2.2%; however this is not accurate because, throughout
her stay, mortality remained steady and even increased at times. She introduced
the cleaning, but did not see any problem with the nursing ward being placed over
an open sewer. After her return to England, the Sanitation Commission ordered the
sewer to be closed, which resulted in the reduction of deaths and, within two
months, the abovementioned reduction occurred. Other women went to Crimea: women
from religious communities, the usual paid nurses, volunteers and non-official
nurses. It is noteworthy that Mary Seacole, who came from Jamaica, was not
accepted in Nightingale’s group and formed her own ward, going to the battlefield
to rescue the soldiers. The article highlights the need to recognize these women
who lived in Florence’s shadows and performed an important job in the nursing
field. |
| Gomes VLO, Backes VMS, Padilha MICS, Vaz MRC. Evolução do conhecimento
científico na enfermagem: do cuidado popular à construção de teorias. Investig
Educ Enferm. [Online journal] Sept 2007; [cited 02 May 2012]; 25(2): 108-15.
Available at: http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/iee/article/view/2888/2447
|
It analyzes the four stages related to the progress of scientific knowledge in
nursing. It identifies the first stage – called What to do? – as defined by
Nightingale, who established rules and procedures in the nursing field, preceding
the phases of great intellectual and technological development of the
profession. |
| Rasmussen BH, Edvardsson D. The influence of environment in palliative care:
Supporting or hindering experiences of ‘at-homeness. Contemp Nurse. [Online
journal] 2007; [cited 02 May 2012]; 27: 119-31. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18386962
|
Research developed with palliative care patients, with a focus on the influence
of the environment in their care, based on the written work of Nightingale and
Rogers. It is concluded that Nightingale’s knowledge about the environment is
still applicable and the art of nursing is to provide an environment that creates
opportunities for healing, in this case for improvements in the quality of life of
palliative care patients. |
| Darr K. Quality improvement: the pioneers. Nexus. [Online journal] 2007; [cited
02 May 2012]; 85(4): 36-8. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18171653
|
It presents some of the pioneers in the area of health, including. It emphasizes
that she showed the importance of good organization, cleaning and appropriate
training for nurses in the treatment of soldiers in the Crimean War. She greatly
contributed to the development of statistics. She founded the Nightingale School
and is recognized for her hospital organization work, as the first Hospital
Administrator. |
| Clements PT, Averill JB. Finding patterns of knowing in the work of Florence
Nightingale.Nurs Outlook. [Online journal] Sept 2006; [cited 02 May 2012];
54(5)268-74. Available at: http://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/S0029-6554(06)00194-1/abstract
|
The education and nursing practice were organized into a conceptual body called
Knowledge Pathways of Barbara Carper, White, Munhal and Heath. Nightingale’s
written work was analyzed under this view and related in the six items that cover
the pathways to knowledge in nursing: empiricism – she used her empirical
knowledge to establish ways of caring in nursing, besides encouraging the nurses
to use the empiricism in conjunction with science to provide better care;
aesthetical – she discussed the presence of nurses, as well as interpersonal
communication as a form of knowledge; ethical: the written work and the conduct of
Nightingale were closely linked to ethics and morality, protecting the attitudes
of nurses; personal knowledge – she emphasized personal knowledge and
interpersonal relationships in nursing actions; sociopolitical knowledge – as a
well-known person of her times, she had great social and political influence, due
to her concern with those in need of healthcare; unknown – this category is linked
to what nurses do not know about patients and should be alert to find out. She
emphasized observation as a great attribute of nurses. The authors conclude that,
given her persistence in educating nurses, if she knew the pathways to knowledge
in nursing, she would have taken them as the base for her studies. |
| Kudzma EC. Florence Nightingale and healthcare reform. Nurs Science Quarterly.
[Online journal] Jan 2006; [cited 02 May 2012]; 19(1): 61-4. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407602
|
Nightingale played an important role in the Healthcare Reform of the nineteenth
century with her contribution in the area of statistics. Working in conjunction
with William Farr, doctor and statistician, she contributed to great advances in
the mortality of nurses in relation to women at that time, childhood mortality, as
well as in the war. |
| Weller T, Bawden D. Individual perceptions: a new chapter on victorian
information history. Library History. [Online journal] July 2006; [cited 02 May
2012]; 22(2): 137-56. Available at: http://www.soi.city.ac.uk/~dbawden/libraryhistory.pdf
|
It highlights that Nightingale viewed information as something objective and
scientific in her in-depth studies of statistics, through which she turned
something subjective, such as the war deaths, into figures, giving them meaning,
as well as showing and demanding changes to the living conditions of soldiers.
Nightingale’s studies revealed that figures alone are useless, but if the
statistical information is analyzed in a rational and informative manner, it can
become an important tool to change reality in the healthcare field. |
| Padilha MICS, Mancia JR. Florence Nightingale e as irmãs de caridade:
revisitando a história. Rev Bras Enferm. [Online journal] Nov-Dec 2005; [cited 02
May 2012]; 58(6): 723-6. Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-71672005000600018&script=sci_arttext
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Nightingale was influenced by the Sisters of Charity of France after she met
them in the Hyot Hotel and followed their care and administrative work. The
three-month internship at the Institute of Deaconesses in Germany followed similar
rules to the Sisters of Charity, deeply influencing her way of thinking and the
nursing practice she proposed to her students. |
| Gill CJ, Gill GC. Nightingale in scutari: her legacy reexamined. Clin Infect
Diseases. [Online journal] 2005; [cited 02 May 2012]; 40(12): 1799-805. Available
at: http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/17113743/nightingale-scutari-her-legacy-reexamined
|
Historical review of the conditions of the Campaign Hospital in Scutari and the
poor health conditions of the wounded soldiers. In order to change this situation,
Nightingale was sent to reform the areas of nutrition, cleaning of the facilities
and patients, and ventilation, which resulted in great improvement for the
soldiers. The authors respond to criticisms that Florence was not responsible for
reducing the number of deaths, since her actions contributed to the wellbeing of
patients, while the deaths were related to the sewage, which was something out of
her reach. Other critics mention that Nightingale was more focused on
administrative work than on real nursing in Scutari, which is contradictory to her
letters and reports of doctors and nurses who worked with her. Nightingale’s
contribution goes beyond nursing. She played an important role in statistics,
public health and nursing homes, by valuing dignified death in her practice. |
| Formiga JMM, Germano RM.Por dentro da História: o ensino de Administração em
Enfermagem.Rev Bras Enferm. [Online journal] Mar-April 2005; [cited 02 May];
58(2): 222-6. Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-71672005000200019
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Nightingale expanded the nursing duties beyond care delivery, realizing that the
organization of the facilities and services is important to nurses. Showing the
need to introduce administrative functions in hospitals and implement them
successfully, she started to be considered the pioneer in hospital
administration. |
| Carraro TE. Os postulados de Nightingale e Semmelweis: poder/vital e
prevenção/contágio como estratégias para a evitabilidade das infecções.Rev
Latino-am Enferm; [Online journal] July-Aug 2004; [cited 02 May 2012]; 12(4):
650-7. Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-11692004000400011
|
Due to Nightingale’s concern with the environment and the human being, she acted
in the prevention and control of infectious diseases and hospital infections, even
before having knowledge about bacteria. She went beyond the environment with her
concern about the vital power of the human being which, when strengthened,
increased their immune system and decreased their vulnerability to infectious
diseases. |
| Martins DL, Garcia TR. Perfil diagnóstico de enfermagem de pacientes acometidos
por infarto do miocárdio. Brazilian J Nurs. [Online journal] 2004; [cited 02 May
2012]; 3(2): [aprox. 5 screens]. Available at: http://www.uff.br/nepae/siteantigo/objn302martinsegarcia.htm
|
It analyzes nursing diagnoses concerning patients who had a myocardial
infarction and were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), according to
Nightingale’s concepts: nutrition, change of environment, discussion of hopes and
advices, noise and lighting, cleaning and ventilation. The concepts are
interpretations of Nightingale’s written work, given that she did not organize
them into conceptual models. The authors conclude that her concepts are applicable
not only at the ICU, but also in other hospital sectors. |
