Coping strategies and authentic leadership: nurses’ work in 2021 during the covid-19 pandemic

Bicalho, Cleide Straub da Silva; Figueiredo, Karla Crozeta; Beltran, Rebeca Iwankiw Lessa; Pol, Thaiane Almeida Silva; Souza, Gabrielle Porfirio

doi:10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2022-0192en

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RESEARCH • Esc. Anna. Nery 27 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2022-0192en copy

Coping strategies and authentic leadership: nurses’ work in 2021 during the covid-19 pandemic^a a Extracted from the master’s thesis “ESTRATÉGIAS DE COPING E DE LIDERANÇA DO ENFERMEIRO NA CRISE DA COVID-19”. Author: Cleide Straub da Silva Bicalho. Advisor: Karla Crozeta Figueiredo. Year defended: 2022. Graduate Program in Nursing at Universidade Federal do Paraná.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

to identify the correlation between Authentic Leadership dimensions and coping strategies used by nurses during the pandemic.

Methods

this is a qualitative study, with a descriptive approach, carried out with 34 nurses working in four hospitals in Curitiba. Data were collected from July to September 2021 online, using the Lazarus and Folkman Coping Strategies Inventory and the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out through the domain scores of each instrument according to Brazilian validation.

Results

it is noted that the Balanced Processing and Self-Awareness Dimensions present a moderate positive correlation with the Accepting Responsibility, Seeking Social Support, Problem-Solving and Positive Reappraisal variables, with the latter variable presenting a moderate positive correlation with the Internalized Moral Perspective dimension, and not observes a correlation between the Relational Transparency dimension and coping strategy variables.

Conclusion and implications for practice

the study demonstrates that the identified correlations encourage the team in circumstances of exhaustion, promoting a balanced cognitive behavior in the conduct of services. It is observed that the correlation between coping strategies and Authentic Leadership in the nursing area allows for the team’s engagement, credibility and self-development.

Keywords:
Psychological Adaptation; COVID-19; Nursing; Leadership; Pandemic

AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP DIMENSIONS
RELATIONAL TRANSPARENCY	INTERNALIZED MORAL PERSPECTIVE	BALANCED PROCESSING	SELF-AWARENESS
Oftenly	Oftenly	Many Times, Almost Always	Oftenly
“I encourage everyone to say what they think” (51.22%).	“I demonstrate beliefs consistent with actions” (51.22%).	“I analyze relevant information before making a decision” (56.1%).	“I demonstrate that I understand how certain actions affect other people” (58.54%).
“I speak frankly” (46.34%).	“I ask that you make decisions based on your core values” (48.78%).	“I listen carefully to different ideas/points of view before reaching a conclusion” (51.22%).	“I know when it’s time to reassess my position on important issues” (51.22%).
	“I make difficult decisions based on high standards of ethical conduct” (46.34%).	Oftenly	Many Times, Almost Always
		“I encourage the proposition of ideas that challenge my opinions” (43.90%).	“I try to listen to feedback (return) to improve relationships with others” (46.34%).
FOLKMAN AND LAZARUS’ COPING STRATEGY VARIABLES
CONFRONTIVE COPING	DISTANCING	SELF-CONTROLLING	SEEKING SOCIAL SUPPORT
I Did Not Use This Strategy	I Did Not Use This Strategy	I Did Not Use This Strategy	I Used It a Lot
“I tried to run away from people in general” (64.71%).	“I tried to run away from people in general” (64.71%)	“I didn’t let others know the true situation” (44.12%).	“I talked to someone about how I was feeling” (32.35%).
I Used It a Little	I Used It a Little	I Used It a Little	“I know when it’s time to reassess my position on important issues” (51.22%).
“I tried to find the responsible person to change their minds” (47.06%).	“I tried to find the responsible person to change their minds” (47.06%).	“I tried not to do anything in a hurry or follow my first impulse” (38.24%).	I Used in Large Amount
		I Used It a Lot	“I talked to other people about the problem, looking for more information about the situation” (38.24%).
		“I tried to find the bright side of the situation” (38.24%).
ACCEPTING RESPONSIBILITY	ESCAPE-AVOIDANCE	PLANFUL PROBLEM-SOLVING	POSITIVE REAPPRAISAL
I Did Not Use This Strategy	I Used It a Lot	I Used It a Lot	I Used in Large Amount
“I understood that the problem was caused by me” (41.18%).	“They were going to happen as they were going to happen” (29.41%).	“I focused on what should be done next, on the next step” (58.82%).	“I changed or grew as a person in a positive way” (52.94%).
I Used It a Little	I Used in Large Amount	“I knew what had to be done, so I doubled my efforts to do what was necessary” (38.24%).	“I left the experience better than I expected” (44.12%).
“I apologized or did something to restore the damage” (38.24%).	“I wished the situation would end or somehow disappear” (26.47%).	I Used in Large Amount	“I prayed” (44.12%).
I Used in Large Amount		“I refused to back down and fought for what I wanted” (44.12%).	“I rediscovered what is important in life” (38.24%).
“I mentally analyzed what to do and what to say” (29.41%).			I Used It a Lot
			“I modified aspects of the situation so that everything worked out in the end” (38.25%).

RELATIONAL TRANSPARENCY ¹⁵15 Walumbwa FO, Avolio BJ, Gardner WL, Wernsing TS, Peterson SJ. Liderança autêntica: desenvolvimento e validação de uma medida baseada na teoria. J Manage. 2008 fev;34(1):89-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01492063073089...	INTERNALIZED MORAL PERSPECTIVE ¹⁵15 Walumbwa FO, Avolio BJ, Gardner WL, Wernsing TS, Peterson SJ. Liderança autêntica: desenvolvimento e validação de uma medida baseada na teoria. J Manage. 2008 fev;34(1):89-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01492063073089...	BALANCED PROCESSING ¹⁵15 Walumbwa FO, Avolio BJ, Gardner WL, Wernsing TS, Peterson SJ. Liderança autêntica: desenvolvimento e validação de uma medida baseada na teoria. J Manage. 2008 fev;34(1):89-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01492063073089...	SELF-AWARENESS ¹⁵15 Walumbwa FO, Avolio BJ, Gardner WL, Wernsing TS, Peterson SJ. Liderança autêntica: desenvolvimento e validação de uma medida baseada na teoria. J Manage. 2008 fev;34(1):89-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01492063073089...
Lower correlation with coping strategy variables:	Discrete correlation with coping strategy variables:	There was a growing correlation with coping strategy variables:	There is a predominance of moderate positive correlation with coping strategy variables:
No correlation - Confrontive Coping (0.00).	Low positive - Confrontive Coping (0.11); Accepting Reality (0.21); Positive Reappraisal (0.23); and Seeking Social Support (0.24).	Moderate positive - Seeking Social Support (0.37); Positive Reappraisal (0.35); Planful Problem-Solving (0.33); and Accepting Reality (0.41).	Moderate positive - Seeking Social Support (0.30); Planful Problem-Solving (0.30); and Accepting Responsibility (0.31).
Low negative - Distancing (-0.21) and Escape-Avoidance (-0.14).	Low negative with Self-Controlling (-0.19).	Low positive - Confrontive Coping (0.28); and Distancing (0.15).	low positive - Positive Reappraisal (0.25); and Distancing (0.11).
Moderate negative -	Small negative with Distancing = (-0.09).	Negative positive only for Escape-Avoidance (0.03).	Intimate positive - Confrontive Coping (0.07); and Self-Controlling (0.08).
Self-Controlling (-.037).	Small positive with Escape-Avoidance ((0.01).		Low negative - Escape-Avoidance (-0.14).
Small positive - Positive Reappraisal (0.02); and Accepting Reality (0.04).
Low positive - Planful Problem-Solving (0.11); and Seeking Social Support (0.17).

DIMENSION	COPING STRATEGIES	CORRELATION
Relational Transparency	Seeking Social Support	Low positive
Relational Transparency	Planful Problem-Solving	Low positive
Internalized Moral Perspective	Planful Problem-Solving	Moderate positive
Balanced Processing	Accepting Responsibility
Self-Awareness	Accepting Responsibility

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[1] Corresponding author: Cleide Straub da Silva Bicalho. E-mail: cstraub@ufpr.br; straubcleide@gmail.com